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ENERGETICS. "There seems to be a minimum energy cost of 1.5 mol ATP per mol CaCO3 deposited. This involves a photon cost of 1.71 photons per CaCO3 with cyclic electron flow generating ATP, i.e. 11% of the cost of photosynthetic growth...the calcification cost is 19% that of photosynthetic growth." https://lnkd.in/e2i9eMi View in LinkedIn

PHOTONS PER MOLECULE. "The minimum stoichiometry of a CCM is 1 mol ATP per mol CO2 which, with cyclic photophosphorylation as the ATP source, with 1.14 mol photons needed to generate 1 mol ATP means a total of 8.43 + 1.14 = 9.57 mol photons per mol CO2...gives a total cost of photosynthetic growth of at least 15.5 mol photons per mol CO2." https://lnkd.in/e2i9eMi View in LinkedIn

ENERGETIC COST. "Calcification is an energy-dependent process and so is ultimately dependent on photo- synthesis in the obligately photolithotrophic coccolithophores...the absolute minimum energy cost for the conversion of 1 mol CO2 to carbohydrate is 8.43 mol of absorbed photons (400−700 nm)." https://lnkd.in/e2i9eMi View in LinkedIn

ENERGETICS. "It stands to reason that living organisms modulate crystal growth by manipulating the energy landscapes. A complete physical picture of biomineral growth requires a description of the geometry and stereochemistry of the interaction between the crystal lattice and the organic modifiers, the magnitude of the interaction energy, the effect of that interaction on the energy landscape, and the impact of the change in the landscape on crystallization." https://lnkd.in/eVX4ANS View in LinkedIn

MINIMAL ENERGY SURFACES. "Mackay has recently described the 'flexicrystallography' structure and symmetry properties of about 50 periodic minimal-energy surfaces, and how they allow one to transcend the boundary of traditional crystallography and the 230 classic space groups, to encompass periodic curved surfaces found in soft structures such as liquid crystal mesophases and biological assemblies." https://lnkd.in/eY-FGha View in LinkedIn

MINIMAL ENERGY SURFACES. "Mackay has recently described the 'flexicrystallography' structure and symmetry properties of about 50 periodic minimal-energy surfaces, and how they allow one to transcend the boundary of traditional crystallography and the 230 classic space groups, to encompass periodic curved surfaces found in soft structures such as liquid crystal mesophases and biological assemblies." https://lnkd.in/eY-FGha View in LinkedIn

GEOMETRIC MISFITS. "Many biomaterials are organized from nanoscale to the macroscopic scale...to give hierarchical materials that are sculpted with complex form -- spirals, spheroids and skeletons...with apparent disregard for the rigid geometric symmetry of their inorganic constituents." https://lnkd.in/eY-FGha View in LinkedIn

EXQUISITE CONTROL. "These examples demonstrate that organisms are able to control the location and crystallographic orientation of nucleation, the shape of the growing crystallites, and even the phase of the resulting material." https://lnkd.in/eVX4ANS View in LinkedIn

COMPLEXITY FROM SEEMING SIMPLICITY. "The vast array of organisms are now known to synthesize inorganic materials and more than 60 different biogenic minerals have been identified to date, most of them are calcium carbonates, calcium phosphates, silicates, iron oxides and iron sulfides. Unicellular organisms such as bacteria and algae also are capable of synthesizing inorganic nanomaterials, both intra- and extracellularly." https://lnkd.in/es5DATt View in LinkedIn

BIOMINERALIZATION CONTROL. "Examples of such synthesis include silica biosynthesis in diatoms, sponges and radiolarians, calcareous structures in coccoliths, gypsum in S-layer bacteria and the nanocrystals of magnetite and greigite in magnetotactic bacteria." https://lnkd.in/es5DATt View in LinkedIn