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"CHARLES DARWIN understood that evolution was a slow and gradual process. By gradual, Darwin did not mean "perfectly smooth," but rather, "stepwise," with a species evolving and accumulating small variations over long periods of time until a new species was born. He did not assume that the pace of change was constant, however, and recognized that many species retained the same form for long periods." https://lnkd.in/eca2Ygx View in LinkedIn

NEW CONCEPTS. "The concepts of the origin of the genetic code and the definitions of life changed dramatically after the RNA world hypothesis. Main narratives in molecular biology and genetics such as the “central dogma,” “one gene one protein” and “non-coding DNA is junk” were falsified meanwhile. RNA moved from the transition intermediate molecule into centre stage." https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn

ONE GENE MANY PROTEINS. "As far as evolutionary processes are concerned, it is naturally much simpler to change or expand a number of very small control sequences than to duplicate an entire network of protein-coding genes. Variations of this higher order regulation can create an enormous spectrum of different protein expression profiles and we can understand at last why one and the same gene can be used for “multiple protein meanings”." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

RNA WORLD HYPOTHESIS. "The discovery of ribozymes supported a hypothesis, known as the RNA World Hypothesis, that earlier forms of life may have relied solely on RNA to store genetic information and to catalyze chemical reactions. This hypothesis was proposed independently by Carl Woese, Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel in the 1960s -- decades before the discovery of ribozymes -- and soon after the double-helical structure of DNA was determined." https://lnkd.in/eeUzYdR View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY REACH. "The phenotypic variation in complex organisms is the result of a different use of a set of protein-coding core components. The higher order regulation in non-protein-coding genome architecture is able to manage a larger genetic data set in its phenotypic range." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

FUNDAMENTAL. "No single organism is able to communicate as an emergent property." https://lnkd.in/eydeQqR View in LinkedIn

SOURCE OF VARIATION. "Cellular differentiation and phenotypic variation result primarily from variations in this high order regulation, not in the proteins themselves." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

COMMUNICATION. "The organization of life depends on successful intra-, inter- and metaorganismic communication processes. Interestingly, rule governed sign mediated interactions are not only the basis for human communication and coordination but a true principle of life itself." https://lnkd.in/eDswHmC View in LinkedIn

GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE SPLIT. "RNA world agents: where the genotype is the phenotype. With the split into a RNA world and a DNA world that codes for proteins with a non-repeat genetic syntax the split between the genotype and the phenotype emerged." https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL. "In tulip petals, for example, the upper and lower sides of the mesophyll exhibit a 10 °C difference in optimum temperature for elongation growth, resulting in opening in the morning and closure in the evening." http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/389/1801.full View in LinkedIn