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AGENTS WITH SEMANTIC RULES. "And exactly this feature is an inherent characteristic for the communicative and linguistic competencies of living agents in biocommunication processes throughout all kingdoms." https://lnkd.in/eUYvi8e View in LinkedIn

THE VERY GREY ZONE. "In quasispecies the ensembles of RNA stem loops (ribozymatic hairpin structures) represent not solely content that rather specify self from nonself, but in parallel—and this truly seems the start of living processes—they act as agents, obedient to chemical/physical laws and, in contrast to interactions in the inanimate world, to syntactic, pragmatic, semantic rules. It is exactly this latter feature that is absent in inanimate nature." https://lnkd.in/eUYvi8e View in LinkedIn

REBUTTAL #2: "Agency on its own behalf and interpretation of meaning—context-decoding—are obviously, and essentially, already present at the level of single proteins or RNA molecules." https://lnkd.in/eeiUHXC View in LinkedIn

VIRAL COMMUNITIES. "But membership is also dynamic, since the collective changes. This means a fittest type individual becomes a nonmember if it fails to keep up with membership changes (ie, does not participate in shared common experience by learning). The concept of virus involves the concept of transmission." https://lnkd.in/eUYvi8e View in LinkedIn

REBUTTAL #1: "Context-dependent epigenetic markers control the activity of genes. These markers are not inscribed in the genome but are the result of internal processes, environmental factors and developmental history." https://lnkd.in/eeiUHXC View in LinkedIn

SAME PATTERNS. "Randomized sequences appear almost identical to natural sequences in the composition of each structural component; furthermore, they show the same patterns of variation, even though these randomized sequences are not evolved and do not have biological functions." (Ribosomal RNA). https://lnkd.in/erj2nzZ View in LinkedIn

GENES ARE NOT EVERYTHING. "Machines, no matter how complex and sophisticated, are inevitably the result of machine-building competences of human engineers, but an organism is not the mere result of a blueprint represented by its genes." Three key rebuttals follow. https://lnkd.in/eeiUHXC View in LinkedIn

RIBOSOMAL RNA. "There are striking similarities in the composition of the different structural categories across both ribosomal subunits and the three domains of life, despite much evolutionary divergence." https://lnkd.in/erj2nzZ View in LinkedIn

EXOTIC LIFE CYCLE. "Uninfected gammarids dive downwards when disturbed and cover themselves in the mud. On the other hand, gammarids infected by parasitic worms glide along the water surface to seek a solid support. This typical clinging behaviour exposes the gammarid to predators such as frogs, fish and birds, which are the parasites’ next host." https://lnkd.in/e2g9KSe View in LinkedIn

PLEASE EAT MY HOST. "Infection by the parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis leads to altered drifting behavior in Gammarus pulex, an intermediate host of P. laevis. This altered behavior increases G. pulex’s predation risk by P. laevis’s definitive host. The induced behavioral alteration in the host thus leads to the parasite’s increased success in completing its life cycle." https://lnkd.in/e4MsheB View in LinkedIn