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ALTERED NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN HOSTS. "Locomotion in invertebrates also involves the action of several monoamine molecules, including dopamine, serotonin and octopamine that may act as neurotransmitters or neurohormones. In several cases of behavioural manipulation, neurotransmitter levels were found to be altered." https://lnkd.in/e4DPgex View in LinkedIn

PARASITIC GENE INDUCTION IN HOST. "In the freshwater snail Lymniae stagnalis, increased expression of the npy gene is observed in the CNS upon parasitization by the trematode Trichobilharzia ocellata, a parasite that alters egg-laying behaviour of its host." https://lnkd.in/e4DPgex View in LinkedIn

HORMONAL INDUCTION. "The metabolic neuropeptide adipokinetic hormone (AKH) plays a role in starvation-induced locomotion as was first described in D. melanogaster. Upon starvation, wild-type flies display increased locomotion behaviour prior to death, while AKH-deficient flies lack this increase in locomotion and are more resistant to starvation-induced death." https://lnkd.in/e4DPgex View in LinkedIn

DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCES. "Neuropeptides and hormones (e.g. neuropeptide Y (NPY), tachykinin-related peptides (TKRPs), pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and neurotransmitters (e.g. octopamine, dopamine, serotonin) are possibly affected downstream of PKG and/or TO, leading to changes in host behaviour." https://lnkd.in/e4DPgex View in LinkedIn

TARGETED PATHWAY MANIPULATION. "A parasitic protein (e.g. protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) in the case of baculoviruses manipulating caterpillar behaviour may directly or indirectly affect the host protein kinase G (PKG) pathway and/or the circadian-clock pathway, eventually leading to behavioural changes." https://lnkd.in/e4DPgex View in LinkedIn

PARASITES MIMIC PROTEINS. "Gordian worms: revealing the presence of parasite proteins that mimicked host proteins belonging to the Wnt family, parasite proteins involved in neurotransmitter release and a host protein involved in geotactic behaviour." https://lnkd.in/e4DPgex View in LinkedIn

GENE TARGETS FOR PARASITES. "The fact that many pathways underlying particular behavioural traits are highly conserved renders these pathways suitable targets for manipulation by parasites." https://lnkd.in/e4DPgex View in LinkedIn

SUCCESS STRATEGY #1: "endonuclease genes that copy themselves into chromosomes lacking them." https://lnkd.in/ewXxsGD View in LinkedIn

BEHAVIOR GENES. "In recent years, several genes have been found to play a role in the modulation of specific behaviours, and many pathways of behavioural adaptation appear to be conserved across species and, in some cases, even across phyla. This high degree of conservation has led to the implementation of the candidate gene approach in the field of behavioural genetics." https://lnkd.in/e4DPgex View in LinkedIn

SUCCESS STRATEGIES. "In nature, certain genes ‘drive’ themselves through populations by increasing the odds that they will be inherited." Five examples of these success strategies follow. https://lnkd.in/ewXxsGD View in LinkedIn