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ENRICHED HOUSEKEEPING GENES. "In general, single-copy genes are enriched for essential housekeeping functions and include genes targeted to the chloroplast and those involved in DNA repair and replication; they also are more highly and broadly expressed than are those retained in duplicate." http://www.amjbot.org/content/early/2015/10/09/ajb.1500320 View in LinkedIn

QUAINT COMMENT. "Loeb supposedly responded to the criticism that he had not excluded all sperm in his first experiments by earnestly assuring the "gentlemen" that he had filtered and sterilized the seawater, and "in wiping out the dishes used only ladies' handkerchiefs." https://lnkd.in/eQf5Evv View in LinkedIn

British households fail to recycle a 'staggering' 16m plastic bottles a day View in LinkedIn

CREATION OF LIFE. "In late 1899, a number of newspapers reported Loeb's first announcement of artificial parthenogenesis. The headline in the Boston Herald was typical: "Creation of Life. Startling Discovery of Prof. Loeb. Lower Animals Produced by Chemical Means. Process May Apply to Human Species. Immaculate Conception Explained. Wonderful Experiments Conducted at Woods Hole." Loeb rapidly moved from being a professor known only in narrow academic circles to a major scientist and eminent, even notorious, public figure." https://lnkd.in/eQf5Evv View in LinkedIn

RATIONALIZED EVOLUTION. "The possibility of human parthenogenesis, the sort of basic social reformation to which science could provide the key, was evident from the start. Artificial parthenogenesis was a vindication of Loeb's hopes and a model for science to come in which biologists would consciously work to reconstruct the natural order to make it more rational, efficient, and responsive to the ongoing development of engineering science." https://lnkd.in/eQf5Evv View in LinkedIn

MAMMALIAN VIRGIN BIRTH. "Sea urchins were only the beginning. Loeb concluded the short announcement of his discovery by asking "whether we may expect to produce artificial parthenogenesis in mammalians.... I consider it possible that only the ions of the blood prevent the parthenogenetic origins of embryos in mammalians, and I think it further not impossible that a transitory change in the ions of the blood may also allow complete parthenogenesis in mammalians." https://lnkd.in/eQf5Evv View in LinkedIn

NOVEL HYBRIDS. "Artificial parthenogenesis proved that it was possible to separate the sperm's function as initiator of development from its role as carrier of the male hereditary characters. Loeb believed that it would be possible to manipulate each independently, and perhaps create hitherto unknown sets of hybrids by superimposing artificial parthenogenesis on eggs fertilized by foreign sperm that were normally unable to initiate development of those eggs." https://lnkd.in/eQf5Evv View in LinkedIn

EXTRAORDINARY POSSIBILITIES. "Nature contained only a very restricted set of modes of reproduction; an engineering biology could lead to expansion of possibilities far beyond those that might appear through the process of evolution, or through a biology whose framework was bounded by evolutionism." https://lnkd.in/eQf5Evv View in LinkedIn

IMMENSE DISCOVERY. "E. G. Conklin (now at the University of Pennsylvania), in announcing Herbst's private letter confirming Loeb's work, considered artificial parthenogenesis "one of the greatest discoveries in biology." https://lnkd.in/eQf5Evv View in LinkedIn

BREAKING SPECIES BARRIERS. "The ability to overcome the triploid block can be asymmetric, with offspring viability dependent on whether the maternal or paternal parent had the higher ploidy level." https://lnkd.in/es_dhAz View in LinkedIn