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GENE FATES AFTER DUPLICATION. "Following duplication, each gene within a paralogous pair may evolve in several ways. For example, it may retain the same set of functions as the ancestral copy, retain only a subset of the original set of functions (subfunctionalization), obtain a new function (neofunctionalization), or degrade into a nonfunctional gene (nonfunctionalization)." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

ENLARGED GENE FAMILIES. "Clusters of duplicated genes have also formed through tandem duplication (TD) processes, which have greatly expanded some gene families, such as the Nucleotide Binding Site-Leucine Rich Repeat (NBS-LRR) subset of plant resistance genes. Unequal recombination is thought to be the primary mechanism driving the expansion of these gene clusters." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this first weekend on butterfly metamorphosis. What a complicated adaptation to put yourself through, where you basically liquefy your first body and completely reform it into a new one, all the while staying alive and not turning into a pot of cooling stew. Still to this day, despite all the scanning technology, the process is largely inscrutable. View in LinkedIn

MONARCH BUTTERFLY scanned during metamorphosis (page 30-39). https://lnkd.in/ev8dK-4 View in LinkedIn

"TIME-LAPSE three-dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis." Stunning study of metamorphosis of the Painted Lady butterfly. Overcoming prior technical challenges. https://lnkd.in/eTSQd9X View in LinkedIn

EMERGING MONARCH. "After 8 to 14 days, the caterpillar emerges from the chrysalis in as rapidly as from 15 to 30 seconds. It extends its wings by pumping fluid from its abdomen into the wing veins, and is ready to fly in about 15 minutes. Once the wings dry, which takes approximately 2 hours, the butterfly is full grown, having been transformed into an entirely different creature from the caterpillar." https://www.icr.org/article/366/208 View in LinkedIn

MONARCH HEART IN CHRYSALIS. "Here, the micromechanical heartbeat with the monarch chrysalis (Danaus plexippus) during metamorphosis is compared with the structural changes observed through in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)." https://lnkd.in/eVajU_8 View in LinkedIn

RANDOM VS SELECTIVE GENE PRESERVATION. "Our findings imply the patterns of retention and functional conservation observed following duplication events are contingent upon both random and selective forces, although one or the other tends to predominate depending upon the type of duplication and the biochemical function of the gene." https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn

MONARCH CHRYSALIS. "In the center portion of the gold crown area is a red heart, about 0.1 inches in diameter, surrounded by a yellowish substance. This heart pulsates at about 40 to 60 beats per minute. The thin outer chrysalis layer contains cells which later develop into the wings of the butterfly." https://www.icr.org/article/366/208 View in LinkedIn

DIVERGENCE. "We find the pattern of duplicate gene retention following the Salicoid WGD in Populus broadly consistent with the predictions of the gene balance hypothesis. Approximately half of the Salicoid duplicate gene pairs showed patterns of divergence that suggest many whole genome duplicates are not subject to constraints for maintenance of redundancy." (WGD = whole genome duplication). https://lnkd.in/eHCDVhZ View in LinkedIn