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PARASITES EDITING. "Importantly, functional fragments of Group II introns can splice out inactive versions in a trans-splicing reaction." (Group II introns are parasitic DNA fragments). https://lnkd.in/eT5V5Xc View in LinkedIn

PREVAILING DOGMA. "The long-held paradigm in insect endocrinology is that juvenile hormones (JHs) prevent metamorphosis until larvae attain an appropriate size for the juvenile–adult transition. However, little is known about the roles for JHs during embryonic and very early larval stages." https://lnkd.in/eQ2nAQi View in LinkedIn

BY MEANS OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS, "Group II introns, which are still found in both mitochondria and α-proteobacteria, invaded the host genome. Group II introns are parasitic DNA fragments that replicate when they are transcribed, typically as part of a larger transcript." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

SUPPRESSION. "Insect juvenile hormones (JHs) prevent precocious metamorphosis and allow larvae to undergo multiple rounds of status quo molts." https://lnkd.in/eQ2nAQi View in LinkedIn

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JUVENILE HORMONE TRIGGER. "In insects, transition from juvenile to adult stages is triggered by the decline of the juvenile hormone, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the dramatic morphological and physiological changes remain poorly understood." http://www.pnas.org/content/111/19/7024.full View in LinkedIn

NOT REDUNDANCY. "In Lepidoptera, the coexistence of autophagic and apoptotic features has been frequently described in many organs that die during metamorphosis. This copresence of autophagic and apoptotic characteristics within the same organ does not seem to represent mere redundancy and adds evidence to the hypothesis that there is an overlap in the regulatory pathways of autophagy and apoptosis." https://lnkd.in/eED2fPx View in LinkedIn

SELF-DIGESTION. "It became rapidly clear that homologs of most of the genes that belong to the autophagic pathway are present in the silkworm genome. The demise of larval organs in holometabolous insects...requires both autophagy and apoptosis." https://lnkd.in/eED2fPx View in LinkedIn

MICRO-RNAs. "Recently, a number of reports have pointed to microRNAs (miRNAs) as important players in the metamorphic transition, in hemimetabolan as well as in holometabolan species. One of the more dramatic demonstrations that miRNAs are involved in insect metamorphosis was reported by Gomez-Orte & Belles, who silenced dicer-1 expression by RNAi in the last nymphal instar of the cockroach Blattella germanica, and obtained supernumerary nymphs after the following moult, instead of adults." https://lnkd.in/e-GPevs View in LinkedIn

GENE ACTIVATION. "Insect metamorphosis is hormonally regulated, and the most important hormones are the ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), which determines the successive moults, and the terpenoid juvenile hormone (JH), which represses the expression of adult features. Each hormone exerts its respective action through a cascade of transcription factors that transduce the hormonal signal to the effector genes." https://lnkd.in/e-GPevs View in LinkedIn