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MINOR TRANSCRIPTION. "Eukaryotes appear to have evolved an intricate network of coupling reactions that are required to cope with a large burden of junk RNA. These findings are consistent with the idea that eukaryotic genomes are filled with junk DNA that is transcribed at a low level." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

INCOMPLETE CATALOG. "The application of deep sequencing to RNA analysis has shown that the majority of the genomic sequence is transcribed in humans and other metazoan species. These analyses have resulted in the identification of thousands of novel coding and non-coding genes. Yet, it is clear that the full catalog of transcription remains elusive." https://lnkd.in/e9BHyYj View in LinkedIn

PROTECTIVE MARKER. "One would predict that lncRNAs contain a differential set of identity elements that not only serve to prevent their decay but also retain them in the nucleus. This would especially be critical for lncRNAs that are spliced." (LncRNAs = long non-coding RNAs). http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

MOSTLY TRANSCRIBED. "One of the most widely discussed discoveries of the past decade of transcriptome analysis is that much of the metazoan genome is transcribed at some level." Even non-coding ("junk" viral DNA). http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

DESTRUCTION. "Transcripts that lack identity elements are targeted for degradation. In agreement with this model, intronless RNA molecules that have a random sequence are poorly exported from the nucleus and have a very short half-life." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

IDENTITY ELEMENTS. "These mRNA identity features activate coupling reactions, which in turn promote the further processing, nuclear export, and translation of a particular transcript. Likewise, other classes of functional RNAs (e.g., tRNAs and snRNAs) have their own identity elements." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

CODING VS NON-CODING. "On average, protein-coding genes have eight introns, while the majority of annotated ENCODE intergenic transcripts tend not to be spliced." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE deals for two weekends on the evolution of the human foot. If someone presented me with a design for a human foot that looked like the actual human foot, I probably would have thrown them out of my office. Clunky, messy, bolt-on evolution is why the designs from robotics companies look nothing like the human foot: it was not designed from scratch with a single purpose. All about exaptation: the acquisitions of functions for which they were not originally adapted. View in LinkedIn

Earthworm Society of Great Britain View in LinkedIn

COMMON TRANSITION FEATURES. 3. "There have been many changes in language, information storage and transmission. Examples include the origin of the genetic code, of sexual reproduction, of epigenetic inheritance and of human language." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn