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"FLOW OF INFORMATION from DNA to RNA and thence to protein is known as the Central Dogma of cell biology. This direction of flow has operated in all organisms since the last universal common ancestor." https://lnkd.in/eKjEK6c View in LinkedIn

PRE-ADAPTATION. "An affinity with other Primates, and particularly the great apes, is abundantly manifest and the unique human attributes are progressive modifications of functional complexes which were initially evolved for arboreal life; in this sense the arboreal foot was pre-adapted to the specialized structure required by terrestrial bipedal man." https://lnkd.in/eC74CRQ View in LinkedIn

DATA VS BREEDING. "The evolution of DNA separated replication and information storage functions from protein-translation functions and from catalytic activity." https://lnkd.in/eKjEK6c View in LinkedIn

NOT A MODIFICATION. "The longitudinal arch is absolutely not a modification of the previous supinated posture of the arboreal foot, for had that posture been retained the outer border of the foot would have become hypertrophied as the weight-bearing portion, and the inner border would have become atrophied because it had been held in an unusable position." https://lnkd.in/eXEMMAm View in LinkedIn

RNA WORLD. "Earliest life used RNA as a replicator, as a means of encoding amino acid sequences, and as a catalytic molecule. Reliance on RNA for all three functions came at the cost of high mutation rate and difficulty in segregating these functions within cells." https://lnkd.in/eKjEK6c View in LinkedIn

STRUCTURE INFORMS EVOLUTION. "The human foot is a specialized organ for leverage in bi-pedal locomotion. Its characteristic longitudinal arch conforms in its external contour and in its trabecular architecture to the direction of the movements of force in such leverage action, thereby demonstrating the process by which its form was evolved." http://jbjs.org/content/6/1/56.abstract View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION TRANSITIONS. "A major evolutionary transition has been most broadly defined as a change in the way that heritable information is stored and transmitted." https://lnkd.in/eia5GWQ View in LinkedIn

TRAVERSE ARCHES. "The transition to full-time terrestrial bipedality is a hallmark of human evolution. A key correlate of human bipedalism is the development of longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot that provide a rigid propulsive lever and critical shock absorption during striding bipedal gait." https://lnkd.in/eezgP6D View in LinkedIn

COMPLEX STORY. "In light of the richness of recent findings in the hominin fossil record, it is important to ask the question of whether the evolution of bipedalism was a more complex affair than has previously been suggested." https://lnkd.in/eezgP6D View in LinkedIn

MULTIPLE PATHS. "If correct, this would imply that there was more locomotor diversity in the fossil record than has been suggested, and raises questions over whether there was a single origin for bipedalism or not. At the very least, if bipedalism appeared only once in the hominin radiation and is therefore monophyletic, such evidence would suggest that there were multiple evolutionary pathways responding to that selection pressure." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00296.x/full View in LinkedIn