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ISSUES. "Additionally, in the analogue-first picture there exists a deeper issue of (re)programmability and with the difficulty of maintaining orthogonal (i.e. non-interacting and thus non-interfering) reactions in strictly analogue reaction networks." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/79/20120869.short View in LinkedIn

ANALOG RATIOS. "The heritable information in this case typically consists of the compositional ratios of the molecules in the organized assemblies." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/79/20120869.short View in LinkedIn

"METABOLISM-FIRST’ scenarios for the origin of life fall within this analogue framework, positing that early life was based on autocatalytic metabolic cycles that would have been constructed in a manner akin to how analogue computer systems are cabled together to execute a specific problem-solving task." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/79/20120869.short View in LinkedIn

EVERY FIBER. "We have argued that living and non-living matter differ fundamentally in the way information is organized and flows through the system: biological systems are distinctive because information manipulates the matter it is instantiated in." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/79/20120869.short View in LinkedIn

ANALOG CHEMISTRY. "In analogue chemical systems, information is contained in a continuously variable composition of an assembly of molecules rather than in a discrete string of digital bits." DNA is a discrete and limited unit digital code. http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/79/20120869.short View in LinkedIn

DISPERSED. "Clearly, in an organism the algorithm cannot be decomposed and stored in simple sequential digital form to be read-out by an appropriate machine in the manner envisioned by Turing and von Neumann for their devices." https://lnkd.in/einZ2Fh View in LinkedIn

PROTEIN ANALOG PHASE. "Focusing strictly on digital storage therefore neglects this critical aspect of how biological information is processed." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/79/20120869.short View in LinkedIn

GHOST IN THE MACHINE. "The algorithm itself is therefore highly delocalized, distributed inextricably throughout the very physical system whose dynamics it encodes." Elegant synthesis. http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/79/20120869.short View in LinkedIn

DIGITAL TO ANALOG. "Much of the information digitally stored in DNA must first be transcribed and translated before it becomes algorithmically meaningful in the context of the cell where it is then processed as analogue information through protein interaction networks." http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/79/20120869.short View in LinkedIn

"THE ALGORITHM for building an organism is therefore not only stored in a linear digital sequence (tape), but also in the current state of the entire system (e.g. epigenetic factors such as the level of gene expression, post-translational modifications of proteins, methylation patterns, chromatin architecture, nucleosome distribution, cellular phenotype and environmental context)." https://lnkd.in/einZ2Fh View in LinkedIn