Year: 2022

VIRTUES OF ERRORS. “Note that all these unconventional phenomena were observed by artificial stacking of two pieces of perfect monolayer graphene at intentional imperfection, which is stacking mismatch.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

CHARGE DATA STORAGE. “The state-of-the-art silicon computing system utilizes a property of electrons called charge to encode data information. Each electron has a charge of 1.6 × 10(-19) Coulombs. A computer memory system usually contains billions of capacitors.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

ZEROS AND ONES. “The default value of each capacitor is “zero.” “One” can be generated in a capacitor when sufficient electrons were injected into it. Unique pattern of zeros and ones can encode information such as numbers, letters, images, and sound. This is how data can be stored in a computer.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

MICRO PROBLEMS. “It should be noted that a capacitor is made of a piece of insulator sandwiched by two metal plates. As device scaling following Moore’s Law, the insulator becomes thinner and thinner, the problem of charge leakage occurs and the stored data are lost. The problem leads to high power consumption in current technology.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

SPIN DATA STORAGE. “Emerging technology such as spintronics can solve the problem. Spintronics utilizes another property of electrons called spin to encode data information. The data are stored based on the spin states (either up or down) of electrons that are already present. The spin state only changes upon exposure to a magnetic field, and hence no potential leakage problem.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

CARBON IS KEY. “Several properties of graphene such as long spin diffusion length, high carrier mobility, weak intrinsic spin–orbit coupling, and limited hyperfine interactions made it a promising material for spintronics.” Carbon is also central to life. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

JOYS OF THE IMPERFECT. “The presence of imperfections in graphene has dramatically enabled its application in spintronics. Multiple types of imperfections have been explored for the realization of graphene spintronics include point defects, line defects such as edges, chemical doping, and sp3 hybridization. Magnetic moments arises from these defects in graphene are usually weak and not stable.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

PERFECT GRAPHENE. “In summary, graphene in perfect form has many unconventional properties enabling countless electronic applications. It is transparent and much stronger than steel while extremely flexible and lightweight. It conducts electricity and heat at desirable speed.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

IMPERFECT GRAPHENE. “However, perfect graphene does not possess a bandgap hampering its applications in computing. This article describes recent prototypes of graphene electronics that are functional because of the defects in graphene. Integration of doped graphene into existing silicon technology has been found to extend the operation wavelengths of image sensors in digital cameras, from visible and short wave infrared light (300–2000 nm), which was not possible with the original silicon technology.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn

DOPED GRAPHENE. “Most of these graphene-silicon prototypes were demonstrated with CVD graphene grown on metal substrates. Development of manipulation processes or technologies to delaminate graphene from its “parenting” substrate and attach to silicon microchips is of paramount demand. It is worth noting that fine tuning of graphene manipulation processes is expected to cater for each application.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/s43577-021-00135-y View in LinkedIn