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OPPORTUNISTIC EVOLUTION. "Evolution is littered with examples of opportunism. Hosts infected by viruses found new uses for the genetic material the agents of disease left behind; metabolic enzymes somehow came to refract light rays through the eye’s lens; mammals took advantage of the sutures between the skull bones to help their young pass through the birth canal; and, in the signature example, feathers appeared in fossils before the ancestors of modern birds took to the skies." https://lnkd.in/d-P7wKZ View in LinkedIn

SWARM SOCIETY. "The emergence of such a complex behavior extends beyond the swarms. Complex social structures are similar in bigger animals as well as other types of insects. Some examples are colonies of ants and termites, flocks of birds, schools of fish, colonies of bacteria, or even herds of terrestrial animals." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

EVOLVING VESTIGES. "These underlying and inherited genetic instructions are essential for vestigiality. In the end, both phylogenetic vestiges and ontogenetic ‘vestiges’ evolve. Although there are central distinctions between evolution and development, ultimately even development—as a whole, and including every developmental process—evolves." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

CONFLUENCE OF MANY. "Swarm Intelligence is a set of heuristic solutions inspired by animal swarm behaviors and capable to offer empirical solutions to many computationally hard problems pertaining to several disciplines." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

GENOTYPIC CHANGE. "In the truest (most literal) sense, then, vestigial features cannot be defined as remnants or residues of events that occur to individual organisms unless they alter the underlying DNA that is expressed in the phenotypic change, whether structural or behavioral." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

NOT A SIMPLE SUM OF PARTS. "When units of biological material are put together, the properties of the new material are not always additive, or equal to the sum of the properties of the components. Instead, at each level, new properties and rules emerge that cannot be predicted by observations and full knowledge of the lower levels. Such properties are called emergent properties." https://lnkd.in/epkJVpt View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL INHERITANCE. "Vestigial features are properties of species—they apply to all members of a species, and are inherited by offspring from parents—and thus they can evolve, or rather persist, as generally happens with a vestigial structure, process, or behavior." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

ADAPTATION. "Complex, Adaptive Systems Theory: The study of complex, nonlinear, interactive systems which have the ability to adapt to a changing environment. Such systems are characterized by the potential for self-organization and exist in a nonequilibrium environment. CAS's evolve by random mutation, self-organization, the transformation of their internal models of the environment, and natural selection." https://lnkd.in/dBCZ5hh View in LinkedIn

UNINTENDED. "Emergence is the phenomenon wherein a system is designed according to certain principles, but interesting properties arise that are not included in the goals of the designer." http://consc.net/notes/emergence.html View in LinkedIn

SIMPLE COMPLEXITY. "Emergence is the phenomenon wherein complex, interesting high-level function is produced as a result of combining simple low-level mechanisms in simple ways." http://consc.net/notes/emergence.html View in LinkedIn