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VESTIGIAL INHERITANCE. "Vestigial features are properties of species—they apply to all members of a species, and are inherited by offspring from parents—and thus they can evolve, or rather persist, as generally happens with a vestigial structure, process, or behavior." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

ADAPTATION. "Complex, Adaptive Systems Theory: The study of complex, nonlinear, interactive systems which have the ability to adapt to a changing environment. Such systems are characterized by the potential for self-organization and exist in a nonequilibrium environment. CAS's evolve by random mutation, self-organization, the transformation of their internal models of the environment, and natural selection." https://lnkd.in/dBCZ5hh View in LinkedIn

UNINTENDED. "Emergence is the phenomenon wherein a system is designed according to certain principles, but interesting properties arise that are not included in the goals of the designer." http://consc.net/notes/emergence.html View in LinkedIn

SIMPLE COMPLEXITY. "Emergence is the phenomenon wherein complex, interesting high-level function is produced as a result of combining simple low-level mechanisms in simple ways." http://consc.net/notes/emergence.html View in LinkedIn

ENERGY, PHENOTYPE AND EMERGENCE. "In such natural processes, everything depends on everything else, and phenotypes are emergent properties of their systems." https://lnkd.in/dJdiNmR View in LinkedIn

EMERGENT PHENOMENA. "The crowning source of complication is that processes at all these different scales interact with one another: These multi-scale interactions produce emergent phenomena, including life and consciousness.” http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2011/10/robot-biologist/ View in LinkedIn

MOSAIC MONSTERS BOLTED TOGETHER. "Animals are symbiotic complexes of many species living together." https://lnkd.in/ddVyNR5 View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE meditates for three weekends on the sea change in thinking that allows for all creatures to be mosaic hybrids, holobionts. The issue of what is an individual is central to this question. This will be followed by a fairly lengthy consideration of symbiotic organisms that are vertically inherited as if part of the host body. The two contemplations together represent a veritable paradigm shift in life science thinking since 1970. View in LinkedIn

METRIC SCALE CONNECTIONS. "If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales." https://lnkd.in/dN5A7Kw https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFAnderson1972 View in LinkedIn

NO ANATOMIC INDIVIDUALITY. "In addition to the mitochondrial vestiges of ancient symbiosis, thousands of bacterial “species” (themselves genetic composites) live in intimate association with our own eukaryotic cells. Estimates that 90% of the cells that comprise our bodies are bacterial belie any simple anatomical understanding of individual identity." View in LinkedIn