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EVOLVING VESTIGES. "These underlying and inherited genetic instructions are essential for vestigiality. In the end, both phylogenetic vestiges and ontogenetic ‘vestiges’ evolve. Although there are central distinctions between evolution and development, ultimately even development—as a whole, and including every developmental process—evolves." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

CONFLUENCE OF MANY. "Swarm Intelligence is a set of heuristic solutions inspired by animal swarm behaviors and capable to offer empirical solutions to many computationally hard problems pertaining to several disciplines." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

GENOTYPIC CHANGE. "In the truest (most literal) sense, then, vestigial features cannot be defined as remnants or residues of events that occur to individual organisms unless they alter the underlying DNA that is expressed in the phenotypic change, whether structural or behavioral." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

NOT A SIMPLE SUM OF PARTS. "When units of biological material are put together, the properties of the new material are not always additive, or equal to the sum of the properties of the components. Instead, at each level, new properties and rules emerge that cannot be predicted by observations and full knowledge of the lower levels. Such properties are called emergent properties." https://lnkd.in/epkJVpt View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL INHERITANCE. "Vestigial features are properties of species—they apply to all members of a species, and are inherited by offspring from parents—and thus they can evolve, or rather persist, as generally happens with a vestigial structure, process, or behavior." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

ADAPTATION. "Complex, Adaptive Systems Theory: The study of complex, nonlinear, interactive systems which have the ability to adapt to a changing environment. Such systems are characterized by the potential for self-organization and exist in a nonequilibrium environment. CAS's evolve by random mutation, self-organization, the transformation of their internal models of the environment, and natural selection." https://lnkd.in/dBCZ5hh View in LinkedIn

"SYMBIOSIS is becoming a core principle of contemporary biology, and it is replacing an essentialist conception of “individuality” with a conception congruent with the larger systems approach now pushing the life sciences in diverse directions. These findings lead us into directions that transcend the self/nonself, subject/object dichotomies that have characterized Western thought." View in LinkedIn

HOLOBIONT. "Symbionts also constitute a second mode of genetic inheritance, providing selectable genetic variation for natural selection. The immune system also develops, in part, in dialogue with symbionts and thereby functions as a mechanism for integrating microbes into the animal-cell community." View in LinkedIn

LOSS OF INDIVIDUALITY. "Animals cannot be considered individuals by anatomical or physiological criteria because a diversity of symbionts are both present and functional in completing metabolic pathways and serving other physiological functions. Similarly, these new studies have shown that animal development is incomplete without symbionts. View in LinkedIn

OLD PARADIGM. "Anatomical, physiological, and developmental criteria were conceived solely in terms of individuals, and the Darwinian view of life regarded aggregates of individuals of common ancestry as identifiable units in competition with one another." View in LinkedIn