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VIROID FRAGMENT ACCUMULATION. "Transposable element accumulation is probably an early effect of restricted recombination, so one of the first changes affecting sex chromosomes may be increased DNA content. Plant Y chromosomes are often larger than the X chromosomes, consistent with recent origins." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

NEO-SEX CHROMOSOME. "Chromosomes newly subjected to a sex chromosomal inheritance pattern in this way are called 'neo-sex chromosomes'. A classic example is the Drosophila miranda Y-autosome fusion, which involves the homologue of the third chromosome of its close relative D. pseudoobscura." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

SELECTION FAVORED. "Sex chromosomes can evolve in several different ways, and that recombination suppression is favoured when genes are involved that interact with sex with respect to their effects on fitness." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

SUPPRESSION. "In addition to the creation of linkage between genes that were formerly on separate chromosomes, such rearrangements often reduce or suppress crossing over in the regions around the breakpoints in heterozygotes with the standard arrangement." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

SELECTION FAVORED. "Sex chromosomes can evolve in several different ways, and that recombination suppression is favoured when genes are involved that interact with sex with respect to their effects on fitness." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

FAVORED LINKAGE. "Translocations or centric fusions involving an autosome and a sex chromosome could also create linkage between sexually antagonistic genes and the sex chromosomes, and hence be favoured by natural selection." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

BIG FLEAS HAVE LITTLE FLEAS. “Likewise, arthropod vectors carrying human, animal or plant pathogens can be colonized by commensal and mutualistic microbes, which are then able to influence pathogen transmission.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

DYSBIOSIS CONCEPT. “ As exemplified by several studies on gut microbial communities, some commensal bacteria of the intestinal flora can become virulent under the influence of diverse factors, such as the actions of other micro-organisms (following horizontal gene transfer between commensal and pathogenic bacteria) or of antibiotics which cause shifts in microbiome composition.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

VAST ECOSYSTEMS. “Recent studies of infectious agents have clearly demonstrated that Koch and Hill's fundamental postulates of “one microbe—one disease” has shown its limits. Indeed, it is now established that many pathogens live and interact with other micro-organisms (not only bacteria, but also protists, fungi, viruses, or phages) in vast communities, all generating and participating in complex interactions that may influence or drive disease processes.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

NEW THINKING. “The concept of pathogenesis has evolved considerably over recent years, and the scenario “a microbe + virulence factors = disease” is probably far from reality in a number of cases.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn