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NEW PARADIGM NEEDED. “The transition to a broader pathobiome perspective involves revisiting the Koch and Hill's postulates at the level of microbial communities, and raises the question of the nature and diversity of the microbiota present in a healthy individual, and of factors promoting the emergence of potentially disease-causing pathobiomes.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

"GENETIC DEGENERATION may be partly driven by this accumulation, or may occur independently later on. In the D. miranda neo-Y, transposable elements appear to be inserted either into introns or intergenic sequences, and hence do not directly disrupt gene function (although one insertion causes downregulation of a gene." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

OLDER LIMITED THINKING. “A large number of studies have been dedicated to understanding how a single pathogen interacts with its host, without taking into account the role of the overall microbial environment.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

"GENETIC DEGENERATION may be partly driven by this accumulation, or may occur independently later on. In the D. miranda neo-Y, transposable elements appear to be inserted either into introns or intergenic sequences, and hence do not directly disrupt gene function (although one insertion causes downregulation of a gene." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

THE SHIFT. “A second major challenge is to shift from descriptive to functional metagenomics, in order to understand exactly how the pathobiome modulates pathogenesis, and to which extent it impacts on its environment, regardless of the ecological niche considered.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

REASONS FOR VIROID ACCUMULATION. "The reasons for transposable element build-up probably involve several processes. Elements that would normally be eliminated by ectopic exchange may fail to be eliminated from the neo-Y, due to lack of recombination. The efficacy of selective removal will also be reduced because of low recombination rates." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

ANTI-RECOMBINATION DRIVES SEX CHROMOSOMES. "The accumulation of sexually antagonistic mutations on protosex chromosomes selects for a loss of recombination and sets in motion the evolutionary processes generating heteromorphic sex chromosomes." http://www.pnas.org/content/110/16/6453.full View in LinkedIn

TRANSFORMATION. "Sex chromosomes originate from autosomes." https://lnkd.in/g9djQYs View in LinkedIn

BURST OF EVOLUTION. "The presence of genes for male characters on the Y, but not the X, also indirectly suggests that antagonistic selection must have acted. When there has been a recent transposition of an autosomal gene onto the Y chromosome, if sufficient intraspecies variability is available, tests for selection based on comparisons of polymorphism and divergence could be used to ask whether the locus has experienced a burst of adaptive evolution." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

RACE TO THE TOP. "If Y-linked genes are incessantly evolving to improve male function and compete with other male genotypes, the changes may drive the evolution of recombination suppression, and thus recombination modifiers may also spread, some of which may themselves be on the Y (for instance, inversions)." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn