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GENE LIFE CYCLES. "Genes are perpetually added to and deleted from genomes during evolution." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

CHIMERIC GENES. "Exons and domains could be recombined to produce new chimeric genes. Chimeric proteins formed by gene recombination have been found in many organisms since their discovery in the LDL receptor gene, including yeast, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, mammals, and plants, and are estimated to have contributed ~19% of new exons in eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

EXON MODIFICATION. "New gene structures can be generated by modifying existing exons or domains." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

NEW FUNCTIONS. "There are a variety of ways that new gene structures can subsequently acquire new functions." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GENE RETENTION. "Estimates of duplicate gene retention after whole gene duplications in teleost fishes (~15 % after 350 MY), yeast (~12% after 80 MY), and Arabidopsis (~30 % after 80 MY) all suggest that large fractions of duplicated loci can be retained." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

WHOLE GENOME DUPLICATION. "An important gene duplication mechanism is whole genome duplication, which has occurred multiple times in eukaryote evolution, particularly in plants. Hundreds to thousands of duplicate genes are formed by a whole gene duplication event, and the vast majority of duplicates are quickly lost." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

"GENE DUPLICATION is thought to contribute most to the generation of new genes. A single or few new gene structure(s) can be formed at one time by DNA-based duplication (the copying and pasting of DNA sequence from one genomic region to another) or retroposition. While DNA-based duplications are often tandem, retroposed genes most often move to a new genomic environment, where they must acquire new regulatory elements or risk becoming processed pseudogenes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

OVER TWELVE MECHANISMS. "How are new gene structures formed? Mutation toward a new gene structure is the first step of new gene evolution, and at least a dozen distinct molecular processes are known that contribute to the formation of new genes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GENE MODIFICATION. "Most mechanisms to form new gene structures...result in certain structural changes in the new gene. For example, new genes created by RNA-based duplication (retroposition, retrogenes) most often lack introns, add a stretch of adenine nucleotide at their 3’ end, and contain a pair of short flanking direct repeats (these signals fade with evolutionary time)." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GRIST FOR THE MILL. "Both before and after fixation, the protogene accumulates mutations that confer on it new structures and beneficial, sometimes novel, functions which are acted on by natural selection." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn