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FRAMESHIFT ORIGINS. "Okamura et al. demonstrated that frameshift mutations often generate new coding sequences, finding that 470 human gene duplicates that had done so. Xue et al. found that Epstein-Barr virus contains an early gene which undergoes frequent frameshifts, probably to combat host immunity." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

RECOMBINED GENES. "Gilbert proposed an entirely new model of new gene formation in 1978, whereby pieces of unrelated genes can be recombined into new genes, rather than just strictly duplicated." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GENE SPLITTING. "New gene structures may be formed by splitting existing genes. Wang et al., for example, found that gene duplication is an intermediate stage in an evolutionary process leading to gene fission." https://lnkd.in/g5PeHKe View in LinkedIn

SECONDING OF EXISTING GENES. "Muller predicted that a new duplicate copy of a gene could acquire a novel function and be preserved in the genome, and further that “there remains no reason to doubt the application of the dictum ‘all life from pre-existing life’ and ‘every cell from a pre-existing cell’ to the gene: ‘every gene from a pre-existing gene.’” https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

WILD MUSICAL CHAIRS. "In addition, retroposed sequences may jump into or near existing genes and recruit existing exons, or be recruited into an existing coding sequence." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GENE LIFE CYCLES. "Genes are perpetually added to and deleted from genomes during evolution." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

CHIMERIC GENES. "Exons and domains could be recombined to produce new chimeric genes. Chimeric proteins formed by gene recombination have been found in many organisms since their discovery in the LDL receptor gene, including yeast, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, mammals, and plants, and are estimated to have contributed ~19% of new exons in eukaryotes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

EXON MODIFICATION. "New gene structures can be generated by modifying existing exons or domains." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

NEW FUNCTIONS. "There are a variety of ways that new gene structures can subsequently acquire new functions." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GENE RETENTION. "Estimates of duplicate gene retention after whole gene duplications in teleost fishes (~15 % after 350 MY), yeast (~12% after 80 MY), and Arabidopsis (~30 % after 80 MY) all suggest that large fractions of duplicated loci can be retained." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn