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CREATIVE SOLUTION. “Eukaryotic cells have evolved a novel solution to the end replication problem in which the specialized chromosome end structures, or telomeres, contain repetitive sequences, some of which are lost at each round of replication. The loss of these sequences, which lack the information contained in downstream genes, acts as a buffer protecting those genes from loss during each round of DNA replication.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

END OF HAYFLICK PAPER. Leonard Hayflick has been a leading aging authority for his career, even before the field became popular. This 1997 paper contains key concepts about aging. Although there was no evidence back then of longevity genes, the evidence is now starting to accumulate. http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

DISORDER AND FINALITY. “The number of population doublings that a normal cell is capable of undergoing may be the in vitro demonstration of longevity determination. The molecular disorders that herald its approach are age changes. In vivo, these age changes lead to an increase in vulnerability to disease or pathology which results in death well before maximum longevity is reached.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

INCREASING MOLECULAR DISORDER. “It is because of these considerations that I propose that telomere shortening may be the molecular equivalent of longevity determination, not aging, and that the increasing molecular disorder that is known to occur in normal cells as telomeres shorten is equivalent to age changes. As indicated earlier hundreds of biological changes occur in normal cells as the age in vitro representing increasing molecular disorder and all compromise the internal milieu that ultimately leads to the Phase III Phenomenon.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

INEXORABLE ENTROPY. “The crucial suggestion is that the events that occur after reproductive success that fail to maintain the system and increase the likelihood of dying are called age changes. That is, there is an increase in molecular disorder for which repair processes increasingly fail to correct. The second law of thermodynamics applies, that is, entropy increases.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

QUIET FREE-FALL. “The state of survival beyond reproductive success can be regarded as a period of "coasting" or "free-wheeling", that is, developmental processes have ended and the ability to maintain those systems declines.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

JOB DONE. “Thus, the forces of natural selection diminish after animals reach reproductive success because survival beyond that event has diminished value for the survival of the species. Energy is better spent on guaranteeing reproductive success than it is for increasing individual longevity. Thus, after reproductive success the forces of natural selection do not favor increased longevity. However, after reproductive success an animal has the potential to survive for a period of time determined by the level of excess physiological capacity reached at sexual maturation.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

EXCESS BUFFER. “Once animals reach sexual maturation and raise progeny to independence, the excess physiological capacity, like that engineered into a space vehicle, allows each to continue beyond the vital goal. The further longevity of each is determined by the excess capacity present at the time the goal was reached. In animals that goal, of course, is reproductive success.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

BUFFER SYSTEMS. “Greater, or redundant physiological capacity increases the likelihood for animal survival to reproductive success just as redundant vital systems in complex machines, like space vehicles, better insures that they will achieve their goals.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

REPRODUCTIVE DRIVE. “Species continuation depends on the survival of a sufficient number of members of that species to live long enough to reproduce and raise progeny to independence. This fundamental premise leads to the belief that the best way to insure that this occurs is for natural selection to favor those animals having greater physiological capacity in vital organs.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn