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END OF HAYFLICK PAPER. Leonard Hayflick has been a leading aging authority for his career, even before the field became popular. This 1997 paper contains key concepts about aging. Although there was no evidence back then of longevity genes, the evidence is now starting to accumulate. http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

DISORDER AND FINALITY. “The number of population doublings that a normal cell is capable of undergoing may be the in vitro demonstration of longevity determination. The molecular disorders that herald its approach are age changes. In vivo, these age changes lead to an increase in vulnerability to disease or pathology which results in death well before maximum longevity is reached.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

INCREASING MOLECULAR DISORDER. “It is because of these considerations that I propose that telomere shortening may be the molecular equivalent of longevity determination, not aging, and that the increasing molecular disorder that is known to occur in normal cells as telomeres shorten is equivalent to age changes. As indicated earlier hundreds of biological changes occur in normal cells as the age in vitro representing increasing molecular disorder and all compromise the internal milieu that ultimately leads to the Phase III Phenomenon.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

INEXORABLE ENTROPY. “The crucial suggestion is that the events that occur after reproductive success that fail to maintain the system and increase the likelihood of dying are called age changes. That is, there is an increase in molecular disorder for which repair processes increasingly fail to correct. The second law of thermodynamics applies, that is, entropy increases.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

QUIET FREE-FALL. “The state of survival beyond reproductive success can be regarded as a period of "coasting" or "free-wheeling", that is, developmental processes have ended and the ability to maintain those systems declines.” http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

EGG AND EMBRYO SAC CELL INTERACTIONS. "Here, as in the pollen, there is evidence that gametophytic central cell acts as a companion cell to the egg, first within the gametophyte and subsequently after fertilization, where it gives rise to the endosperm." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580713000427 View in LinkedIn

OVULE DEVELOPMENT. "Events within individual ovules of the female carpel follow a similar pattern, with the megaspore mother cell and the one functional meiotic product requiring the presence of a normal nucellar layer for correct development. Once the cells of the embryo sac are formed, their correct positioning, division, and specification results from a complex interplay involving hormone gradients and interactions between the egg and other cells of the embryo sac." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580713000427 View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend on the complex reproductive strategies of plants. The descriptive is confounding without an explanation of how this came about, and the functions it serves. And this is the tip of the iceberg, for there are seemingly infinite variations on the theme when it comes to plant reproduction. Nothing has been left to the imagination. View in LinkedIn

CONTINUED THREAD. "Importantly, the supporting roles of the male and female companion cells do not end with gamete maturation. After pollen germination on the stigma surface, the male vegetative cell differentiates into the pollen tube that delivers the sperm to the ovule, whereas, after fertilization, the female central cell forms the basis of the triploid endosperm, which supports the developing next generation." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580713000427 View in LinkedIn

Russian trolls 'spreading discord' over vaccine safety online, a wedge issue https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/aug/23/russian-trolls-spread-vaccine-misinformation-on-twitter?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn