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"AN EMERGENT ALGORITHM is an algorithm that exhibits emergent behavior. In essence an emergent algorithm implements a set of simple building block behaviors that when combined exhibit more complex behaviors." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_algorithm View in LinkedIn

INADEQUACIES OF OLD IDEAS. "The more recent analyses of Hall (1998) and Minelli (2009), has demonstrated how inadequately either hypothesis represents the diversity of evolutionary changes in the ontogenies of different metazoan lineages." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

AUTONOMOUS. "An interesting idea is internal emergence that allows a system to take advantage of the emergent patterns without external intervention. To achieve this, self-modification and self-reflection are required." http://eprints.aston.ac.uk/20778/1/Emergence_in_genetic_programming.pdf View in LinkedIn

OLD COMPLEX LIFESTYLE HYPOTHESES. "Traditional interpretations of the origin and evolution of complex life cycles have been dominated by two contrasting scenarios, the recapitulationist and the intercalary, traditionally associated with the names of Ernst Haeckel and Walter Garstang, respectively." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

EMERGENT PROGRAMMING. "Genetic programming systems have always been engineered to produce emergent solutions. Through the use of genetic programming, we expect the computer to solve a problem without explicitly telling it what steps to take and in what order, often not knowing ourselves in advance what the solution should be." http://eprints.aston.ac.uk/20778/1/Emergence_in_genetic_programming.pdf View in LinkedIn

BILARVAL SPECIES. "In some spionid polychaetes, both planktotrophic and lecithotrophic larvae may occur in a single species, and in the marine gastropod Haminaea callidegenita, both veliger larvae and ‘post-larval’ juveniles are produced from the same egg mass. In another marine gastropod, Alderia modesta, the siblings are sometimes all planktotrophic, or all lecitotrophic, but sometimes both." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

CAUSATION. "Selection exemplifies top-down causation, while genotype-phenotype mapping and phenotype to fitness mapping exemplify bottom-up causation...repetitive patterns emerge as a result of the presence of downward causation realized through selection”. http://eprints.aston.ac.uk/20778/1/Emergence_in_genetic_programming.pdf View in LinkedIn

WIDESPREAD PEOCILOGONY. "In other metazoans, alternative forms of larvae or juveniles eventually give rise to identical adults. This phenomenon of developmental plasticity, known as poecilogony, has been recorded from insects, nematodes, polychaetes, opisthobranch gastropods and amphibians." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

EMERGING EMERGENCE. "The study of emergence is clearly important in many research fields, only in the last five years over one million scientific articles on the topic have been written (based on Google Scholar)." https://lnkd.in/daSHscy View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this section on complex life cycles. As you may surmise, the field is a bit stuck in a Victorian mindset, and needs a good kick in the rear end with deep comparative genomics. The fact remains, it is a curiosity box of strange evolutionary ticks and quirks, a funny farm looking for a cause. Nevertheless, our bespectacled Victorians did do an excellent job of curating their collection of freaks. View in LinkedIn