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NO CORRELATION. "Subsequent studies on different populations or taxa have failed to find similar associations (e.g., no correlation with latitudinal clines in bluethroats, barn swallows, Tachycineta swallows or three-spined stickleback, breeding phenology in great tits or barn swallows, or migratory propensity in blackcaps." https://lnkd.in/dWFycUQ View in LinkedIn

PHOTOPERIODIC TRIGGERS. "In long-lived animals, seasonal recurrence of biologic activities (phenology) like migration, hibernation, reproduction, and molt is achieved by adjusting the period of endogenous clocks to the annual change in the photoperiod. Responding to the environmental photoperiod cycle demands behavioral and physiologic plasticity, as shown by the development of seasonal phenotypes in many vertebrates." https://lnkd.in/eqEQSzy View in LinkedIn

ROLE FOR CLOCK. "Many of these studies uncovered a regulatory role for Clock (e.g., migratory timing in Chinook and Pacific salmon; breeding phenology in blue tits and barn swallows; and migratory propensity in the Junco genus and barn swallows; timing of migration assessed via light-level geolocators." https://lnkd.in/dWFycUQ View in LinkedIn

PHENOTYPIC VARIATION. "Across a range of organisms, related species or even populations of the same species exhibit strikingly different scales and patterns of movement. A significant proportion of the phenotypic variance in migratory traits is genetic, but the genes involved in shaping these phenotypes are still unknown." https://lnkd.in/eCZBnME View in LinkedIn

LIKELY ROLE. "All these shifts in metabolism and feeding behaviour have been described as the characteristics of birds preparing for or performing long-distance migratory flights. Given the multiple pleiotropic functions of PACAP, ADCYAP1 has at least the potential to modify multiple physiological and behavioural changes during the migratory period." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/02/11/rspb.2010.2567 View in LinkedIn

GENE CLUSTER SPECULATION. "We would expect that phenotypic variation of correlated migratory traits is linked to genetic variation at a single closely linked gene cluster or a few ‘regulatory genes’ with multiple pleiotropic effects." https://lnkd.in/dapscwg View in LinkedIn

EXTERNAL ADMINISTRATION. "PACAP has also a strong modifying effect on the energy metabolism. Intracerebroventricularly administered PACAP appeared to stimulate catabolic effects on energy metabolism in chicken: it increased body temperature, metabolic rate and lipid utilization. Moreover, increased PACAP concentrations in the chicken brain inhibited feeding, which was later shown to be mediated by corticosterone release." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/02/11/rspb.2010.2567 View in LinkedIn

CIRCADIAN LINKS. "PACAP has also been shown to directly influence clock gene expression and affect signalling pathways that integrate the molecular clock in the functionality of circadian rhythms in a dose- and phase-dependent manner." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/02/11/rspb.2010.2567 View in LinkedIn

BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGIC LINKS. "PACAP has a broad spectrum of biological functions with profound influence on physiology and behaviour. Most of the reported effects exerted by PACAP are indeed strongly linked to the physiological and behavioural shifts described for avian migration." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/02/11/rspb.2010.2567 View in LinkedIn

NEUROPEPTIDE CANDIDATE. "The ADCYAP1 gene encodes the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), which is one of the most studied neuropeptides (more than 3000 papers deal directly with PACAP). The peptide and its receptors are widely distributed in the brain and in various peripheral organs." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/02/11/rspb.2010.2567 View in LinkedIn