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THE SMALL FROM THE MANY. "Frequently, traits are controlled not by a single or a few genes, but by multiple genes across the genome, each with small effects." https://lnkd.in/dHD-ddW View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC FACTORS. "Many traits show continuous phenotypic distributions and environmental interactions, with examples in the shape and size of petals, corolla tubes, stamens and pistils, as well as placement and arrangement of anthers and stamens, nectar volume, and the number of ovules and pollen grains." https://lnkd.in/dHD-ddW View in LinkedIn

TRANSITIONS. "QTLs can, of course, correspond with large genetic intervals containing tens or even hundreds of genes, and so it is important to pinpoint the exact genes (and their number) to understand the ease with which an evolutionary transition between, for example, a scented and a scentless flower type can occur." (QTLs = quantitative trait loci). https://lnkd.in/dHD-ddW View in LinkedIn

SINGLE VERSUS MULTI-LOCUS TRAITS. "Although many floral traits are controlled by a single locus, many more are multi-locus traits. Some floral scent cues that influence pollinators may be affected by a relatively small number of genetic loci, detected by screening for QTLs." (QTL = quantitative trait loci). https://lnkd.in/dHD-ddW View in LinkedIn

LOCI TESTING. "Pollinator selection for specific loci has been tested in various contexts. For example, red flowers are relatively poorly detected by insect pollinators that lack red receptors, whereas hummingbirds have such receptors and can thus detect and identify red flowers more easily. In cases in which flower color is controlled by a small number of loci, crossing experiments can directly assess pollinator responses to a specific allele." https://lnkd.in/dHD-ddW View in LinkedIn

FEW CONTROLLING GENES. "Floral traits are sometimes controlled by a relatively small number of genes. For example, in the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), various aspects of pigmentation are controlled by single loci: one locus determines pink versus blue flowers, another controls intensity, a third controls the patterning and degree of pigmentation, and a fourth locus has epistatic effects on the other three loci." https://lnkd.in/dHD-ddW View in LinkedIn

DARPA MEMORY. “If work being backed by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) goes according to plan, we one day will be able to implant chips into our brains that will make sure we never forget anything...Scientists have already tested out implants in people suffering from brain injuries to improve their memory.” https://lnkd.in/d86AmuV View in LinkedIn

MEMORY IMPLANTS. “New electric array brain implants are reportedly "showing promise" in assisting people who are trying to dig up memories from the farthest reaches of their minds. What makes the new process so innovative is the way it 'reads' the neural processes of the brain - it can see how our minds form and retrieve memories, and is even able to predict when our powers of recall are about to let us down.” http://www.sciencealert.com/us-defence-scientists-have-invented-a-brain-implant-that-boosts-memory View in LinkedIn

ELECTROMAGNETIC STIMULATION. “Multiple-session stimulation increased functional connectivity among distributed cortical-hippocampal network regions and concomitantly improved associative memory performance. These alterations involved localized long-term plasticity because increases were highly selective to the targeted brain regions, and enhancements of connectivity and associative memory persisted for ~24 hours after stimulation. Targeted cortical-hippocampal networks can thus be enhanced noninvasively, demonstrating their role in associative memory.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25170153 View in LinkedIn

NON-INVASIVE. “We therefore used targeted noninvasive electromagnetic stimulation to modulate human cortical-hippocampal networks and tested effects of this manipulation on memory.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25170153 View in LinkedIn