Category: Uncategorized

TRUE FOR ALL LIFE FORMS. "The logic of biological evolution is related to the inherently invasive, infective, and collaborative nature of viruses, microorganisms, and other organismic units of prokaryotic life." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this section on the development and evolution of the human nose. This curious hybrid organ combines smell and respiration, and was deeply affected by the evolution of bipedalism in early hominids. As a case study in the evolution of an organ over time, it is a remarkable story, and the complexity of the human nose only makes sense when both the developmental and evolutionary stories are considered. View in LinkedIn

THE NOSE UNCLASSIFIED. “Application of the evo-devo perspective provides new insight not only to the development of the nose, its complex nasal physiology and anatomy but more importantly, may explain the predisposition, direction and spread of various diseases in otorlaryngology.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

INVAGINATED ORGAN. “The development of the nose can be seen as the invagination of the olfactory organ between the two maxillae towards the anterior cranial base, with its floor being secondarily disturbed by the onset of nasal respiratory development at the expense of the oral cavity.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

HUMAN CROCODILIAN SOFT PALATE. “The soft palate has evolved from the crocodilian basihyal valve, a significant gular fold that archers across the pterygoids immediately in front of the internal choana allowing crocodilians to have efficient respiratory function during submerged aquatic conditions.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

HUMAN RESPIRATORY NOSE. “Applying the evo-devo perspective, the human respiratory nose appears as two paramedian, long axial conduits walled in on their inferior, lateral and medial sides by the rearranging of the dermal palatal bones (vomer, palatine, pterygoid, and inferior turbinate bones) between the two maxillary bones and their palatine processes.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

FIRST RESPIRATORY NOSE. “Phylogenically, the respiratory nose first appears in crocodilians. Based on paleontological data, the vomer bones are two plates of bone staying horizontal between the internal naris of early tetrapods which fused as a distinct plate located in the sagittal plane dividing the air passages of crocodilians.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

SMELL CAME FIRST. “Phylogenically, the nose is exclusively an olfactory organ in fish, and the respiratory nose develops in crocodilians. Ontogenically, the growth and development of the olfactory nose precedes the development of the respiratory nose.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

SNAPSHOT OF HUMANS. “Despite the evolutionary trend towards regression in the sense of smell, the embryologic development of the human nose is best understood when considering its olfactory origin, the subsequent respiratory reorganization, and the constriction of the ethmoid bone imposed by the orbital cones.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

BIPEDAL MODIFICATIONS. “These morphological changes had the effect of changing the orientation of the cribifrom plate from a vertical to a more horizontal manner. This resulted in a conversion of the mammalian olfactory nose into the human ethmoid complex, partitioned on each side in two clinically relevant compartments: The olfactory cleft medially and the ethmoid labyrinth laterally (in which the olfactory mucosa has disappeared).” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn