Category: Uncategorized

DROPLET CHEMISTRY. “The general effect of scavenging of any sort by cloud droplets is an accumulation of soluble and insoluble materials in droplets. These may be lost from the cloud by precipitation if the droplets grow large enough. However, in many cases mixing processes ensure that droplets that have previously gained material by scavenging simply evaporate. Then the scavenged material will be concentrated in the evaporation residues.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn

DROPLET CHARGES. “There are extensive measurements showing typically several hundred elementary charges on droplets, generally positive at cloud tops and negative at cloud base for early stages of development of clouds. Such charge accumulates from the current density flowing between ionosphere and earth as part of the global atmospheric electric circuit. When such charged droplets evaporate due to diffusion and mixing processes at cloud boundaries reducing the relative humidity, the droplet charge is retained on the residual aerosol particle.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn

CHARGE AND WEATHER. “In general the effects of electroscavenging appear capable of affecting precipitation in cold and warm clouds, and affecting cloud lifetime and cloud cover. The ionosphere-earth current density has day-to-day and decadal and centennial time-scale variations and there are changes in atmospheric dynamics and temperature and cloud cover that correlate with these variations.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn

GLOBAL ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. "The voltage difference between ground and ionosphere is 200,000 to 500,000 volts (200 to 500 kV). Even in fair weather, a slight current of 2 pA (picoamps, or 0.0000000000001 A) flows from every square meter of ground upward to the ionosphere. Thunderstorms alone send 1 A of current skyward. Indeed, the flash rate for a storm is directly related to its current flow. While this view is widely accepted, it has not been proven by hard data." https://lnkd.in/d5yqMSG View in LinkedIn

TINY CHARGES SUM. “The charge on aerosol particles and droplets in weakly electrified clouds can arise from the presence of the vertical ionosphere-earth current density in the global electric circuit causing accumulation of charge in the conductivity gradient at the interface between the cloudy air and the clear air.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn

The arrival of corals and clownfish. View in LinkedIn

CHARGE SCAVENGING. “The scavenging of aerosol particles by cloud droplets has been shown to be greatly enhanced when the aerosol particles have a few tens of elementary electrical charges on them. Such charged aerosol particles are formed with a lifetime of tens of minutes, on evaporation of typical charged cloud droplets in clouds, that need be only weakly electrified.” https://lnkd.in/dHtJZsW View in LinkedIn

PENROSE TILING PATTERNS and the pentagon snowflake. https://lnkd.in/dkurvMJ View in LinkedIn

AEROSOL ELECTRIFICATION. "Stratified regions of aerosol will charge in the atmosphere under quiescent conditions as a result of ion transport by the conduction current. Although the charges carried are unlikely to be sufficiently large to initiate bulk discharge processes such as lightning, the distribution of charges expected on aerosols under natural ion asymmetry may yield a small fraction of particles with significant charge levels.” https://lnkd.in/dmetfSb View in LinkedIn

CHARGED DUST. “As long ago as 1850, Michael Faraday commented on the peculiarities of the production and discharge of electric charges during sandstorms, a phenomenon repeatedly rediscovered over the intervening century and a half. Similarly, sand is known to become strongly electrified by helicopters traveling in desert environments, producing spark and explosion hazards, and the issue even has implications for missions to the Moon and to Mars, where charged dust degrades solar cell viability and clings to spacesuits, limiting the lifetime of their joints.” http://arxiv.org/pdf/1003.5188 View in LinkedIn