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DRIVER OF MAGNETIC STORMS. “The ring current is populated both by efficient convection and injection of plasma sheet particles into the inner region and by strongly enhanced ion outflow from the ionosphere. At times, the ionospheric outflow can be strong enough for the ionospheric oxygen to dominate the energy density in the ring current.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

“MAGNETIC STORMS typically last from about 12 hours to a few days. Storms are characterized by the formation of an intense ring current encircling the Earth with current peak at about 4 RE, i.e., well inside the geostationary orbit.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

PROXY UNITS. “However, the limited number of measurement points still means that many quantities must be evaluated using proxy parameters derived either from point measurements in space or from ground-based observations.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

SPARSE TRIANGULATION. “The European Space Agency’s Cluster mission with its four satellites flying in constellation has for the first time allowed for separation of space and time and by identification of full three-dimensional vector quantities from four point measurements.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

SPECKS IN NOWHERE. “The magnetosphere-ionosphere system has been explored by a multitude of Earth-orbiting spacecrafts, but still the sparsity of the satellite fleet and the vast regions to be covered means that, at any given time, direct measurements of the magnetospheric processes are limited to only a few points in space.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

“MAGNETIC STORMS include, in addition to strong substorm activity, also other kinds of strong activity, field-aligned currents, and inner magnetosphere disturbances.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

PERIODICITY. “On the other hand, stronger levels of driving may lead to sawtooth oscillations, which are large-scale substorms associated with strong, longitudinally extended, quasi-simultaneous injections at geostationary orbit recurring every 2–3 h.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

THE SOLAR SHORE. “Steady convection intervals are periods of steadily southward IMF and steady, relatively slow solar wind flow that drive continuous, low-level auroral activity without evident substorm expansion phase activity.” (IMF= interplanetary magnetic field). https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn