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EVOLVING MEDIUM. “Language is like an organism that grows and evolves, with both its semantics and syntax becoming ever more complex. Language began as verbal or spoken language and evolved into written language, mathematics, science, computing, and the Internet.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

CONCEPTUAL FREEDOM. “Human verbal language allows us to think about abstractions, to plan for the future and reminisce about the past. Language is generative so that we are capable of creating an infinite number of possible messages or ideas.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

THE PROBLEM OF NOW. “Other animals are capable of communicating with each other but the range of what they can express is limited to small number of signals. They are unable to conceptualize. They have no sense of the past and the future. They live in the perpetual present.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

LANGUAGE = THOUGHT. “Language is both an informatics tool and a system of communications. One cannot separate language from thinking. Without verbal language our mental life would be reduced to the processing of our perceptions, feelings and emotions. Verbal language allows conceptualization, abstraction and reflection to take place.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

FIVE LANGUAGES. “Science makes use of the spoken word, writing and mathematics. The practice of computing makes use of the skills of spoken language, writing, mathematics, and science. And finally, the development of the Internet, the language of the Information Age, required all five of the languages that preceded it, namely speech, writing, mathematics, science and computing.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

INTERLOCKING. “When a medium first appears, it uses the content of another medium exclusively for its content until its users have learned to exploit the new medium to develop new forms of expression. We saw that writing and mathematical notation made use of spoken language for its content.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

NESTED CONTENTS. “The content’ of any medium is always another medium. The content of writing is speech, just as the written word is the content of print, and print is the content of the telegraph.” (Marshall McLuhan, 1964). The content of the Internet is computing and the content of computing is science and the content of science is mathematics and writing and the content of mathematics and writing is speech.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

WATTS. “Beckett is fascinated by Descartes scholastic method of revealing faith by reason and his steps of reasoning. Take the whole, break it into its parts, start with the simplest and list every possibility -- this what Beckett does with his lists of permutations -- except that there is no revealed truth for Beckett’s permutations. Cycles of futility, no dramatic conclusions. It is about pausing and feeling a sense of despair and then going on.” https://youtu.be/1t0HVAW9SOU View in LinkedIn