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HIDDEN GENOME. “What is the smallest subunit used for a representations of the structures of the folded proteins in a living organism? Is it possible to quantize such a structure by adopting standard procedures of theoretical physics? We try to show that it can be done by a new way of unifying triplet states of DNA, RNA, and protein. The new approach of the Chern–Simons current in the genotype with a mathematical model of the hidden state in a genome [6] is trying to answer some questions.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

FIGURE 6. “The picture shows eight anyon smallest subunits in biology. The telomere is a biological clock subunit; it is equivalent to the modulus part in a moduli state space model.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this first of two weekends on a provocative view of biology by a group of physicists and astrophysicists. There was a lost cartoon by Shoe that asked: “Is this brilliance or complex nonsense?” Biologists are not prone to out-of-the-box hypothetical thinking like physicists, and could greatly benefit from this kind of speculation. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

REDEFINITIONS. “Based on the analogies from the theory of general relativity (e.g., a definition of connection), we combine some more properties of the braid group and Khovanov cohomology to them. We redefine the loop braid group by adding some extra properties to them for visualizing the folding structure in the amino acids. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

A SOLUTION. “These three things can not be separated from one another as these three molecules are interconnected into a 4-dimensional coordinate system of living things. We can unify them as a loop braid group in the genetic code.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

THE ISSUE. “The numbers of four letters in the DNA alphabet cannot be completely separated like transition levels of energy-momentum of gene expression. The natural process of transcription and reversed transcription in extended central dogma we can describe by providing definitions of the relative natures of the genes involved with three objects: DNA, RNA, and protein.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

NOVEL HYPOTHESIS. “The loop braid group’s operation is the composition of braids representing the translation of an amino acid being the disjoint component operator that is convenient for representing G-quadruplex in 4-dimensional coordinates of spacetime curvature in a protein folding. We investigate why cancer and the adaptive behavior of the immune system are involved with a hidden feedback control mechanism in the trash DNA-like status.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

NUCLEOBASE CLOCK. “In the loop structure of telomeres, there exist layers of G-quadruplex (G4). Their structures are similar to the structure with the loop braid group in the standard model. The G letter (guanine) can be suitably chosen as the hidden time scale in a biological clock. The nature of the telomerase enzyme is that it reacts like a retrotransposon hidden in transition state in the non-protein-coding DNA area. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn