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A SOLUTION. “These three things can not be separated from one another as these three molecules are interconnected into a 4-dimensional coordinate system of living things. We can unify them as a loop braid group in the genetic code.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

THE ISSUE. “The numbers of four letters in the DNA alphabet cannot be completely separated like transition levels of energy-momentum of gene expression. The natural process of transcription and reversed transcription in extended central dogma we can describe by providing definitions of the relative natures of the genes involved with three objects: DNA, RNA, and protein.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

NOVEL HYPOTHESIS. “The loop braid group’s operation is the composition of braids representing the translation of an amino acid being the disjoint component operator that is convenient for representing G-quadruplex in 4-dimensional coordinates of spacetime curvature in a protein folding. We investigate why cancer and the adaptive behavior of the immune system are involved with a hidden feedback control mechanism in the trash DNA-like status.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

NUCLEOBASE CLOCK. “In the loop structure of telomeres, there exist layers of G-quadruplex (G4). Their structures are similar to the structure with the loop braid group in the standard model. The G letter (guanine) can be suitably chosen as the hidden time scale in a biological clock. The nature of the telomerase enzyme is that it reacts like a retrotransposon hidden in transition state in the non-protein-coding DNA area. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

THE TRANSFORMATION. “Quantum gravity may perhaps stop the collapse of a BH beyond a certain point, and the BH may, in turn, experience an outward pressure transforming it into a white hole spewing out matter that it has swallowed in its past history.” (BH = black hole). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51081-7_62 View in LinkedIn

EXAPTATION. “Nowadays, a topological quantum cryptography is the most secure cryptography concept with the highest impact on computer security, business, and society, but it is rarely used in biology. Experimental quantum cryptography narrows the gap and it approaches the implementation of theoretical knowledge outside the laboratories, e.g., by the investigation of quantum key distribution with finite decoy states.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

PHASE SHIFT. “Recently, scientists applied the loop braid group to studying the anyon in topological quantum computer architecture. We borrow this theory to redefine a new model of the asymmetric key between public and private keys in protein–protein interactions as a new moduli state space model in quantum cryptography for biology. The anyon in biology can be associated with a phase transition of DNA–RNA–protein with a quaternionic state with two fermion pairs in the genetic code.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn