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OLD SIMPLE PROTON MODEL. “The original quark model, in which the proton consists of two up quarks (u) and one down (d) quark, has an appealing simplicity.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

THE PROTON. “The structure of the proton is a prototypical example of a strongly coupled and correlated system with quarks and gluons interacting according to quantum chromodynamics (QCD). At large energy and momentum scales, the interaction is relatively weak, whereas at lower energy scales the picture is clouded by the increasingly strong interaction.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

MATTER ASYMMETRY. “These results are expected to revive interest in several proposed mechanisms for the origin of this antimatter asymmetry in the proton that had been disfavoured by previous results, and point to future measurements that can distinguish between these mechanisms.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

ACTUAL QUARK ANTI-QUARK PAIRS. “Here we provide evidence from muon pair production measurements that these distributions are considerably different, with more abundant down antimatter quarks than up antimatter quarks over a wide range of momenta.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

ASSUMED QUARK ANTI-QUARK PAIRS. “In this picture of quark–antiquark creation by the strong force, the probability distributions as a function of momentum for the presence of up and down antimatter quarks should be nearly identical, given that their masses are very similar and small compared to the mass of the proton.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

Nature art installation, Girona. View in LinkedIn

THE CONSCIOUS MIND AS MARIONETTE. “Much of our mental life is unconscious.” A marionette is a puppet controlled from above using wires or strings, operated by a hidden puppeteer using a vertical or horizontal control bar. (Professor Peter Carruthers). https://lnkd.in/dSbMNgTq View in LinkedIn

SEEN IN DEATH. “Their fleeting existence makes the antimatter quarks within protons difficult to study, but their existence is discernible in reactions in which a matter–antimatter quark pair annihilates.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

EPHEMERAL EXISTENCE. “An essential feature of this force, as described by quantum chromodynamics, is its ability to create matter–antimatter quark pairs inside the proton that exist only for a very short time.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

ZINGER. “Indeed, several authors assumed that at some low momentum scale the sea quarks and gluons vanish, and at high momentum scales they are all generated by gluon radiation and then gluon splitting. These assumptions were used to describe successfully the existing data in the late 1970s.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn