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FAR FROM SIMPLE PROTON. “Experiments that measure the distributions of quarks as a function of the fractional momentum (x) of the proton that these quarks carry have revealed a rich structure with additional quarks, antimatter quarks (antiquarks) and gluons, beyond the minimal three-quark Fock state.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

OLD SIMPLE PROTON MODEL. “The original quark model, in which the proton consists of two up quarks (u) and one down (d) quark, has an appealing simplicity.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

THE PROTON. “The structure of the proton is a prototypical example of a strongly coupled and correlated system with quarks and gluons interacting according to quantum chromodynamics (QCD). At large energy and momentum scales, the interaction is relatively weak, whereas at lower energy scales the picture is clouded by the increasingly strong interaction.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

MATTER ASYMMETRY. “These results are expected to revive interest in several proposed mechanisms for the origin of this antimatter asymmetry in the proton that had been disfavoured by previous results, and point to future measurements that can distinguish between these mechanisms.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

ACTUAL QUARK ANTI-QUARK PAIRS. “Here we provide evidence from muon pair production measurements that these distributions are considerably different, with more abundant down antimatter quarks than up antimatter quarks over a wide range of momenta.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

ASSUMED QUARK ANTI-QUARK PAIRS. “In this picture of quark–antiquark creation by the strong force, the probability distributions as a function of momentum for the presence of up and down antimatter quarks should be nearly identical, given that their masses are very similar and small compared to the mass of the proton.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

Nature art installation, Girona. View in LinkedIn

THE CONSCIOUS MIND AS MARIONETTE. “Much of our mental life is unconscious.” A marionette is a puppet controlled from above using wires or strings, operated by a hidden puppeteer using a vertical or horizontal control bar. (Professor Peter Carruthers). https://lnkd.in/dSbMNgTq View in LinkedIn

SEEN IN DEATH. “Their fleeting existence makes the antimatter quarks within protons difficult to study, but their existence is discernible in reactions in which a matter–antimatter quark pair annihilates.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn

ALTERNATIVES. “There are various mechanisms that may account for the antiquark flavour asymmetry of the proton.” https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03282-z View in LinkedIn