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FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend and concludes this weekend on the theme of emergence. This concept has far-reaching consequence in science and if finally understood, will undoubtedly usher in a sea-change in a variety of concepts about how things are connected. https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

TYING IT TOGETHER. “Then we show that gravitational thermodynamics/ entropic gravity arguments, generalized to a spacetime (like ours) with dark energy imitating a (positive) cosmological constant, lead to a dark matter model which relates dark energy, dark matter, and ordinary (baryonic) matter and is remarkably consistent with observations at both the galactic and cluster scales.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

The annual ritual of the triumph of hope over experience, set to the powerful beat of Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring. View in LinkedIn

AQUEOUS RECRYSTALLIZATION. “Clay minerals are characterized by tetrahedral sheets occupied by Si and subordinately Al and Fe3+. These sheets join together along the surfaces with different combinations, giving rise to different layers, which in turn join to form different clay minerals. In the various clay minerals, the layers have different layer charges as a function of the substitution of higher charge cations with cations with lower charges (e.g., replacement of Si4+ with Al3+ in tetrahedral sheets).” https://lnkd.in/gZNkNQEB View in LinkedIn

TOO MUCH NOISE. “But when the proper averaging is carried out (even if there is such a formalism), now it appears (at least to this author) that the fluctuations are perhaps too small to be detectable with the currently available experimental and observational techniques. Nevertheless, let us briefly discuss several of the proposals to detect spacetime foam.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

MEASURING FOAM. “There have been numerous proposals to detect spacetime foam, involving astronomical high-energy gamma ray observations of distant gamma-ray bursts and distant quasars, gravity-wave interferometers and atom interferometers and so forth.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

THE HEART OF EVERYTHING. “If so, then it follows that thermodynamics, Einstein’s “meta-theory”, may hold the key to formulating as well as understanding the ultimate physical laws; and reigning supreme will be its protagonist—entropy.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

TESTING THE THEORY. “Moving from simulations to empirical data, the ΦID framework for causal emergence was also adopted to study how motor behaviour might be emergent from brain activity. Results indicated that the motion-related signal is an emergent feature of the macaque’s brain activity.” (ΦID = Integrated Information Decomposition). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

SUPER-ORGANISM. “Here, the framework showed that the centre of mass can predict its own dynamics better than what can be explained from the behaviour of individual birds.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

MURMURINGS. “Another demonstration of the power of the framework and practical criteria was carried out in a computational model of flocking birds, another often-cited example of emergent behaviour whereby the flock as a whole arises from the interactions between individuals.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn