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A group of Pterosaurs. These primitive fliers are split into two major groups; the earlier rhamphorhyncs, who had teeth, long tails, and were usually small, and the later pterodactyls, who were usually toothless, had short tails, and could reach up to thirteen metres long." " https://lnkd.in/eheBe5vC View in LinkedIn

FUTILE CYCLE THERMOGENESIS. “Futile cycles consist of three processes: a forward reaction, a conversion the resulting product back into the original enzyme, and production of nothing but heat energy as an output. You can see an example of a futile cycle in the figure below. Hence, futility. Yet futile cycles may provide more than meets the eye, particularly when you consider the emergence, evolution, and context of the systems they are embodied within.” https://lnkd.in/egFGhMAc View in LinkedIn

BIG IMPLICATIONS. “Furthermore, theories of “particles” obeying infinite statistics are non-local.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

THE DIFFERENCE. “We would argue that none is more intriguing than the manifestation that both dark energy and dark matter have their origins in quantum gravity and that their quanta obey infinite statistics while ordinary particles obey either the Fermi or Bose statistics. This may be the main difference between the dark sector and ordinary matter.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

UNDERSTATEMENT. “The confluence of entropy and gravitation has produced some rather novel results.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

INFORMATION IS KEY. “A particularly well-suited framework to study interdependencies in complex systems, establishing information as a ‘common currency’ of interdependence that allows one to assess and compare diverse systems in a principled and substrate-independent manner.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

THE FULCHRUM. “They demonstrate the conceptual interconnections of fundamental physics which makes crucial (explicit or implicit) use of the concept of entropy and the dynamics of gravitation.” https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/11/1035/htm View in LinkedIn

EMERGENT CONSCIOUSNESS. “In this way, the more nuanced view on neural information dynamics offered by ΦID offers the promise of further insights for our understanding of consciousness as an emergent phenomenon. Developing procedures to either identify emergent features, or to efficiently calculate emergent capacity in large systems are important avenues for future work.” (ΦID = Integrated Information Decomposition). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

DE-COUPLING. “Interestingly, analysis of fMRI data showed that loss of consciousness due to brain injury corresponds to a reduction of integrated information and causal emergence in the brain.” (fMRI = functional MRI). https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn

CONSCIOUSNESS. “Causal emergence (de-coupling) increases both along the cortical hierarchy of the human brain, and across the gap from non-human primates to humans. Relatedly, there has been a long-standing debate on whether consciousness could be viewed as an emergent phenomenon enabled by the complex interactions between neurons.” https://lnkd.in/eFDvNHBt View in LinkedIn