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ASYMMETRIC CARBONS. "Most biopolymers, such as hair, wool, bone, collagen, DNA, protein, and wood, are naturally oriented and exhibit shear piezoelectricity due to the internal rotation of polar atomic groups associated with asymmetric carbon atoms." https://lnkd.in/eKk_wMN View in LinkedIn

ASSYMETRICAL BIOCRYSTALS. "Piezoelectricity, a linear coupling between electrical and mechanical properties, is displayed by crystal structures that lack a center of symmetry (non-centrosymmetric)." https://lnkd.in/eKk_wMN View in LinkedIn

"FERROELECTRICITY can exist at the molecular and nanoscale, and consequently is an essential property small biological objects, such as molecular components of cells, and membranes such as ion channels, microtubules." https://lnkd.in/eBe5QYb View in LinkedIn

PIEZOELECTRIC TEETH. "The surface layer of tooth enamel is comprised primarily of hydroxyapatite crystals and a small fraction (~3-5%) of organic fibers concentrated mostly in the vicinity of the dentin-enamel junction." https://lnkd.in/evjaNwH View in LinkedIn

"LIQUID CRYSTAL-LIKE ferroelectric transitions controlled by temperature and electric field were observed in the purple membrane of the bacterium Halobacterium salinarium." https://lnkd.in/eBe5QYb View in LinkedIn

"BONE is piezoelectric and therefore capable of transforming mechanical forces into an electrical signal. Dental enamel is not piezoelectric. Dentine is piezoelectric, but the strength of the effect in comparison to bone has not been measured." https://lnkd.in/eqJueMN View in LinkedIn

IONIC SWITCHES. "Ion channels are the macromolecular components of the membranes of nerve and muscle cells responsible for impulse conduction. Embedded into the phospholipid bilayer bounding the cell, these large glycoprotein molecules act as voltage-dependent switches." https://lnkd.in/eBe5QYb View in LinkedIn

WHAT FUNCTION does tooth piezoelectricity serve? The literature is almost completely silent on endogenous clinical effects of these small currents. https://lnkd.in/eqJueMN View in LinkedIn

SMART BIOMATERIALS. "In 1955, Fukada experimentally verified the piezoelectric coefficients of wood and demonstrated that oriented cellulose crystallites were responsible for the observed shear piezoelectricity." https://lnkd.in/eKk_wMN View in LinkedIn

MECHANICALLY STRESSED connective tissue generates electric potentials, in bone and teeth, attributed to the "electrokinetic" or "streaming effect". It is thought that these electrical signals couple to biochemical pathways. https://lnkd.in/evD9AeS View in LinkedIn