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THE "WRONG" AMINO ACIDS. "Bacteria do not produce d-serine in large quantities, but rather produce d-alanine, d-proline and d-glutamate for their cell walls. Eukaryotes, perhaps to eliminate the d-amino acids common in the prokaryotes they ingest and harbour, evolved DAO activities by elaborating on the structure of other flavin-requiring oxidases." https://lnkd.in/etGHsGm View in LinkedIn

LOCKED CHIRALITY. "Protein amino acids are left handed (L-forms) but sugars that make up the DNA backbone are right handed (D-form) in all living things." Mostly. https://lnkd.in/eewE5fQ View in LinkedIn

GABA RECEPTOR DISEASES. "Over the past 15 years, substantial evidence has accumulated to suggest that schizophrenia is somehow linked to a hypofunction in the glutamatergic neuro-transmitter systems in forebrain and limbic areas." https://lnkd.in/etGHsGm View in LinkedIn

TOXIN. "A massive influx of L-Glu into the synapses can lead to acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases (for example, cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, spinal injury, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s diseases)." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE. "The presence of DAO enzymes in single-celled creatures allows them to grow on d-amino acid substrates, via the oxidation to achiral products. The selective advantage of being able to metabolize the d-amino acids made in bacteria has probably directed the evolution DAOs in animals." https://lnkd.in/etGHsGm View in LinkedIn

"D-SER behaves as a “neuromodulator” acting as an agonist at the glycine site of NMDA receptors in the mammalian nervous system. L-glutamate (L-Glu) is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, where it is involved in the modulation of many physiological processes, such as learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

NEW DRUG TARGETS. "The principal free D-amino acids found in significant amount in animal tissues are D-Ala, D-serine (D-Ser), and D-aspartate (D-Asp). In particular, D-Ser was detected predominantly in the mammalian brain...the human brain contains endogenous D-Ser and D-Asp, which are likely to act as modulators of neurotransmission." https://lnkd.in/eVWBM_B View in LinkedIn

DAO DEFICIENCY TREATMENT with food avoidance, DAO enzyme supplements, vitamin C and vitamin B6. https://lnkd.in/eeqESv9 View in LinkedIn

MIGRAINE PREVENTION WITH DAO SUPPLEMENTS. "In one study, 87% of migraine sufferers had defects of their DAO enzyme. "Diamine oxidase supplementation has shown a significant reduction in crisis duration and a tendency toward a reduction in number of crises. The treatment is [safe] because we don't have any adverse events." https://lnkd.in/eV-55VH View in LinkedIn

COMMON DEFICIENCY. "About 25% of the population have DAO enzyme defects that stop histamine degradation, causing symptoms that include migraine." https://lnkd.in/eV-55VH View in LinkedIn