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WATER CLUSTERS. "The structure of liquid water has been proposed as an icosahedral (H2O)280 cluster with a 3 nm diameter, with each 280-molecule icosahedron having substructure within. Water (H2O)20 dodecahedra and (H2O)100 icosahedra have also been reported." Beautification geometric shapes. A deeply provocative and original article. https://lnkd.in/e7AMN5d View in LinkedIn

POLAR ORDERING. "Using X-ray analysis, the hydration shell shows a wide range of non-random hydrogen-bonding environments and energies...water is most well-ordered around the polar groups...than around non-polar groups." https://lnkd.in/ev7vxpB View in LinkedIn

MACRO WATER CLUSTERS. "The time-averaged hydrogen-bonded network possesses a large extent of order. These include the fine structure...large clusters...and the formation and properties of low-density water in gels. There is some evidence that water is self-organizing and can exist as macro-scale (10-120 uM) clusters." https://lnkd.in/esC5CV5 View in LinkedIn

HIGHLY DYNAMIC EXCHANGE. "The duration of contact of a specific water molecule with the protein surface may be in the subnanosecond range while molecular dynamics simulations suggest the time water spends in the hydration shell before mixing with the outside bulk water could be in the femtosecond to picosecond range." https://lnkd.in/eWYCKHY View in LinkedIn

ANOMALIES. Professor Martin Chaplin has compiled a comprehensive and authoritative summary of credible research on the structure of water. These include 73 anomalous properties of water compared to related molecules in the periodic table. https://lnkd.in/eqaRTp4 View in LinkedIn

HYDRATION SHELLS. "The hydration layer around a protein has been found to have dynamics distinct from the bulk water to a distance of 1 nm with effects on the surrounding water network extending beyond 2 nm." https://lnkd.in/eWYCKHY View in LinkedIn

MYOGLOBIN, a model blood protein, is fully hydrated by just 350 water molecules. These water molecules form clusters to hydrate all the charged groups of the protein, in some cases up to two layers of water molecules, while a third of the protein is uncovered. https://lnkd.in/eC-SNUm View in LinkedIn

"PROTEIN HYDRATION is very important for the three-dimensional structure, dynamic ensemble of conformations, and activity. Indeed, proteins lack biological activity in the absence of sufficient hydrating water." https://lnkd.in/ev7vxpB View in LinkedIn

TETRAHEDERAL WATER. "The excellent agreement between our newly remeasured Raman spectra and our model system further supports the locally tetrahedral description of liquid water, which has recently been called into question." https://lnkd.in/eH3825a View in LinkedIn

WATER IS KEY. "It is difficult to conceive of a biological process that is independent of solvation." https://lnkd.in/eXJBuBT View in LinkedIn