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REJECTION SUPPRESSION. "As an additional interesting feature of Syncytin proteins, again shared with a certain number of exogenous retroviruses, the presence of an immunosuppressive domain (ISD) has also been demonstrated in these ERV proteins." https://lnkd.in/eNxap6v View in LinkedIn

CELL SUICIDE is called apoptosis. It is normal and widespread. "The cells of a multicellular organism are members of a highly organized community. The number of cells in this community is tightly regulated—not simply by controlling the rate of cell division, but also by controlling the rate of cell death. If cells are no longer needed, they commit suicide by activating an intracellular death program." https://lnkd.in/eaj7Brc View in LinkedIn

NO SUM OF PARTS. "In addition to taking in host nutrients for their own use, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens also deploy an arsenal of secreted proteins (the 'secretome'), including many factors that interact with host cell components. This openness means that biological systems cannot simply be described as the sum of their parts." https://lnkd.in/eusM5UA View in LinkedIn

OPEN INNOVATION. "Pathogens as biological ‘systems’: open, robust, modular, and stochastic. Intracellular pathogens can be viewed as the ultimate open system: they are constantly interacting with the infected cell and modulating both the host and the pathogen so as to establish a viable physical/temporal niche. These organisms typically exhibit specific auxotrophies, relying on host metabolic processes for essential nucleotides, amino acids, lipids, sugars, vitamins, etc." https://lnkd.in/eusM5UA View in LinkedIn

PRECURSOR SCAVENGING STRATEGY. "Many protozoan parasites live an intracellular auxotrophic lifestyle, actively acquiring metabolites from their nutrient-rich host in order to survive. For instance, blood-stage Plasmodium parasites have lost the ability to biosynthesize purine rings or amino acids, and therefore scavenge host nucleotides to synthesize DNA and catabolize host hemoglobin to generate amino acids." https://lnkd.in/erQdieM View in LinkedIn

HOST LIPID HIJACKING. "While eukaryotic pathogens are often able to synthesize a number of nutrients required for growth de novo, it is often more advantageous to conserve the energy required for biosynthesis and to instead hijack host-derived resources. This is especially true for the acquisition of host lipids, as protozoan parasites must quickly assemble a large amount of new membrane during replication within host cells." https://lnkd.in/erQdieM View in LinkedIn

STAGE SPECIFICITY. "The complex nature of each parasite's life cycle often requires multiple in vitro culture systems in order to study all of the developmental stages. While some parasite stages are easily propagated in culture, others are not." https://lnkd.in/erQdieM View in LinkedIn

MORPHING PARASITES. "Because many parasites have different body forms during their life cycle, parasites display periodic stage-dependent gene expression." https://lnkd.in/erQdieM View in LinkedIn

HIDE-AND-SEEK. "Parasites have evolved elegant strategies to survive and replicate within their hosts. One strategy includes constantly changing their cellular state in order to progress through their life cycle, while simultaneously evading recognition by the host immune system. The vast number of developmental stages, combined with distinct tissue tropisms, increases the complexity of host–parasite interactions." https://lnkd.in/erQdieM View in LinkedIn

"METABOLIC MANIPULATION of host cells by intracellular pathogens is currently recognized to play an important role in the pathology of infection." https://lnkd.in/egTnZjj View in LinkedIn