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REPETITIVE DNA. "Another large fraction of the genome consists of highly repetitive DNA. These regions are extremely variable even amongst individuals of the same population (hence their use as “DNA fingerprints”) and can expand or contract through processes such as unequal crossing over or replication slippage." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

TOWARDS MUTUALISM. "In recognition of the more complex interactions between transposable elements and their hosts, Kidwell and Lisch proposed an expansion of the “parasitism” framework where each TE can be classified along a spectrum from parasitism to mutualism." (TE = transposable elements). http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

ACKNOWLEDGING THE OTHER CAMP. "Many examples have been found in which TEs have taken on regulatory or other functional roles in the genome." (TE = transposable elements). http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

PSEUDOGENES ARISE BY (1): "duplication - modifications (mutations, insertions, deletions, frame shifts) to the DNA sequence of a gene can occur during duplication. These disablements can result in loss of gene function at the transcription or translation level (or both) since the sequence no longer results in the production of a protein. Copies of genes that are disabled in such a manner are termed non-processed or duplicated pseudogenes." http://pseudogene.org/background.php View in LinkedIn

LARGE OCCUPANCY. "Due to this degeneracy, estimates of the proportion of the human genome occupied by TEs has varied widely, between one-half and two-thirds. Larger genomes, such as those of salamanders and lungfishes, almost certainly contain an even more enormous quantity of transposable element DNA." (TE = transposable elements). http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

"PSEUDOGENES are functionless relatives of genes that have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein. Pseudogenes often result from the accumulation of multiple mutations within a gene whose product is not required for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional, similar to other kinds of noncoding DNA which can have a regulatory role." https://lnkd.in/euq3niU View in LinkedIn

TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS. "However, the vast majority of these elements are inactive in humans, due to a very large fraction being highly degraded by mutation." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

UNRESTRAINED INTRON EVOLUTION. "It is also clear that the vast majority of intronic sequence evolves in an unconstrained way, accumulating mutations at about the same rate as neutral regions." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

FECUND VIRAL FRAGMENTS. "Because of their capacity to increase in copy number, transposable elements have long been described as “parasitic” or “selfish”." https://lnkd.in/eT5V5Xc View in LinkedIn

ROLES IN TIME AND SPACE. "Greater than 95% of human multi-exon genes express multiple splice isoforms. Furthermore, there is evidence for alternatively splicing events that are often differentially regulated across tissues and during development, as well as among individuals and populations, suggesting that individual isoforms may serve specific spatial or temporal roles." http://bitesizebio.com/10148/what-is-alternative-splicing-and-why-is-it-important/ View in LinkedIn