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CAUSATION. "Selection exemplifies top-down causation, while genotype-phenotype mapping and phenotype to fitness mapping exemplify bottom-up causation...repetitive patterns emerge as a result of the presence of downward causation realized through selection”. http://eprints.aston.ac.uk/20778/1/Emergence_in_genetic_programming.pdf View in LinkedIn

WIDESPREAD PEOCILOGONY. "In other metazoans, alternative forms of larvae or juveniles eventually give rise to identical adults. This phenomenon of developmental plasticity, known as poecilogony, has been recorded from insects, nematodes, polychaetes, opisthobranch gastropods and amphibians." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

EMERGING EMERGENCE. "The study of emergence is clearly important in many research fields, only in the last five years over one million scientific articles on the topic have been written (based on Google Scholar)." https://lnkd.in/daSHscy View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this section on complex life cycles. As you may surmise, the field is a bit stuck in a Victorian mindset, and needs a good kick in the rear end with deep comparative genomics. The fact remains, it is a curiosity box of strange evolutionary ticks and quirks, a funny farm looking for a cause. Nevertheless, our bespectacled Victorians did do an excellent job of curating their collection of freaks. View in LinkedIn

"LIFE CYCLE COMPLEXIFICATION is likely to originate, preferentially, in a less predictable and less stable, perhaps seasonally changing environment. This is the context where the extensive variation in external conditions is likely to release extensive polyphenic responses." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

PROBLEM SOLVING. "Problem solving in AI takes one of two forms: computational models of humans solving problems and the construction of programs that solve problems as well or better than humans. Clearly, the techniques of genetic programming and all evolutionary computations fit into the latter methodology of building intelligent programs." http://scholar.google.es/scholar_url?url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.15.5594%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm0J-z_xL5_kjwEhLP0aVOrhbAtTfA&nossl=1&oi=scholarr&ved=0ahUKEwi3wpKxxs_MAhXG2B4KHXRODt0QgAMICigBMAA View in LinkedIn

“EMERGENT INTELLIGENCE, a method of problem solving that allows task specific knowledge to emerge from the interaction of the problem solver and a task description, here represented by the fitness function.” http://scholar.google.es/scholar_url?url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.15.5594%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm0J-z_xL5_kjwEhLP0aVOrhbAtTfA&nossl=1&oi=scholarr&ved=0ahUKEwi3wpKxxs_MAhXG2B4KHXRODt0QgAMICigBMAA View in LinkedIn

REPURPOSED CODE. "In bloated programs the small number of effective or expressed instructions appear in both repeated and non-repeated code. Hinting that building-blocks or code reuse may evolve in unplanned ways. Non-effective code and bloat are only the tip of an iceberg and that there is more to be discovered about “emergent phenomena” in GP runs." https://lnkd.in/eABn2vx View in LinkedIn

BLOAT EFFECTS. "It has been long noticed that there are emergent phenomena in genetic programming (GP) runs unintended by the human designer of the algorithm. Early on it was observed that code which does not change the output of the program (i.e. non-effective code) appears in many GP runs. It was also noted that bloat affects many GP systems. Reasons for bloat and non-effective code have been examined in years past and remedies have been developed more or less effective under particular circumstances." https://lnkd.in/eABn2vx View in LinkedIn

PROGRAMMING EMERGENT PROPERTIES. "Banzhaf provides a concrete illustration of emergence in genetic programming: the growth of repetitive patterns within programs as their evolution proceeds. He conjectures “that these patterns are emergent, a result of the presence of downward causation realized through selection.” https://lnkd.in/evQa8-H View in LinkedIn