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"GREGORY BATESON, has argued "that relationships should be used as a basis for all definitions...Anything...should be defined not by what it is in itself, but by its relations to other things" https://lnkd.in/dvpgYsT View in LinkedIn

CLASSIFIED BY NOSES. “The living primates (which include humans) are taxonomically classified in two suborders: Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini, the latter group includes our human ancestors. Through the course of primate evolution, profound changes in the nasal fossa allow one to differentiate the haplorhines from strepsirrhines and all other mammals.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

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FUNCTIONAL SEPARATION. “The primary nose fully opens behind a virtual, coronal plane through the anterior palatine canal, into both the respiratory and olfactory noses. Respiratory and olfactory noses are separated from each other by the transverse lamina, a thin, bony axial structure.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

COMMUNICATION LINKED TO ADAPTATION. "Plant synapses allow synaptic cell–cell communication and coordination in plants, as well as sensory-motor integration in root apices searching for water and mineral nutrition. These neuronal aspects of higher plants are closely linked with their unique ability to adapt to environmental changes." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

CONSERVED ANATOMY. “The fundamental configuration of the nasal fossa is a highly conserved region. As one tracks the evolution from crocodilian to the mammalian skull, very little change can be observed in this region with its persistent and constant morphology seen in a great majority of mammalian groups.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

CROCODILE NOSE. “As a result, the secondary nose could be regarded as an incidental byproduct of the masticatory mechanical forces between the dermal bones of the secondary palate and the skull base. The vacuities that were then occupied with air from the primary nose, were finally recruited to provide for the physiological function of breathing.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

FEEDING INFLUENCE. “Current hypotheses state that the evolution of feeding behaviors may have been the driver for the structural modifications of the crocodilian rostrum: The displacement and remodeling of the bones configuring the crocodilian secondary palate, which may initially have occurred reinforce the snout and skull instead of providing a physical bony partition between the oral and nasal cavities.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

CROCODILE SUMMARY. “Crocodilian evolution has been characterized by the gradual constitution of an akinetic skull and the formation of a secondary nose.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

CONNECTING TO RESPIRATION. “In the early fully terrestrial tetrapods, a transverse sheet of dermal bones has developed inferior to the braincase specifically in the roof of the mouth posterior to the internal naris and primary palate. This secondary hard palate configuration was probably the precursor in allowing permanent breathing to travel through the primary nose as inspiratory air would travel through a non-collapsible oral cavity before going to the trachea.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn