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RARE MUTATIONS IN LOWER ANIMALS. “Mutation accumulation experiments with bacteria and single-celled eukaryotes typically find that the rate of single base mutations is of the order of 10(-10) - 10(-9) per base pair per replication. Given that the typical genome sizes in these organisms are of the order of 10(6) - 10(7) base pairs, these rates correspond to only one point mutation in every few hundred to several thousand cell divisions.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

TIME AGNOSTIC PHYSICS. “Time symmetry in physics has been assumed to consist in the fact that all the equations are reversible in time.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE highlights a 2013 paper titled ‘Genome dynamics during experimental evolution’, by Jeffrey E. Barrick & Richard E. Lenski. The paper shows that “Genomic analyses show that adaptation rarely occurs by periodic sweeps of single beneficial mutations through asexual populations. Rather, divergent paths that involve multiple mutations are often explored before any one evolved type can displace its competitors.” https://lnkd.in/dfp9nRAQ View in LinkedIn

SOLVING THE NUT. “Big Bang theory has assumed that space-time and the included mass-energy expanded only in one direction in time, say (+) time.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

Time for bed, daddy. View in LinkedIn

“MIND, n, A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but self to know itself with.” Ambrose Bierce, The Devil’s Dictionary (1909). https://lnkd.in/d6WmmHTS View in LinkedIn

RECOGNITION. “Yet the concept was central to Feynman's work in quantum electrodynamics. J.J. Sakurai's textbook praises the simplicity and elegance of Feynman's approach, pointing out its mathematical equivalence to Tomonaga and Schwinger's more conventional and complex version.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

LOST IN THE WEEDS. “This view has never been refuted, but it is seldom discussed. The textbooks devote a few paragraphs to the topic: for example "Quarks and leptons" by Halzen and Martin.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

FEYNMAN-STUECKELBERG ANTIMATTER. “This interpretation states that all the properties of antimatter are consistent with the view that antimatter and matter are identical except that their particles move in opposite directions in time.” https://lnkd.in/dPumvhdU View in LinkedIn

THE BEDROCK. “R. P. Feynman developed earlier work by Stueckelberg to produce the Feynman-Stueckelberg Interpretation of antimatter.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn