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OPPOSITE UNIVERSES. “By analogy with the space dimensions, if we hypothesize that time is symmetrically distributed along the time axis, with the Big Bang at zero on the space and time axes, we get two universes expanding into the same space but in opposite time directions.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

INSUFFICIENT. “Even if we could accept time running backwards, this is less than the symmetry of the space dimensions, which extend on all sides of the origin.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

RARE MUTATIONS IN LOWER ANIMALS. “Mutation accumulation experiments with bacteria and single-celled eukaryotes typically find that the rate of single base mutations is of the order of 10(-10) - 10(-9) per base pair per replication. Given that the typical genome sizes in these organisms are of the order of 10(6) - 10(7) base pairs, these rates correspond to only one point mutation in every few hundred to several thousand cell divisions.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

TIME AGNOSTIC PHYSICS. “Time symmetry in physics has been assumed to consist in the fact that all the equations are reversible in time.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE highlights a 2013 paper titled ‘Genome dynamics during experimental evolution’, by Jeffrey E. Barrick & Richard E. Lenski. The paper shows that “Genomic analyses show that adaptation rarely occurs by periodic sweeps of single beneficial mutations through asexual populations. Rather, divergent paths that involve multiple mutations are often explored before any one evolved type can displace its competitors.” https://lnkd.in/dfp9nRAQ View in LinkedIn

SOLVING THE NUT. “Big Bang theory has assumed that space-time and the included mass-energy expanded only in one direction in time, say (+) time.” https://lnkd.in/gDaxUYAS View in LinkedIn

Time for bed, daddy. View in LinkedIn

MECHANICS OF THE ADAPTATION. “The key actualizing mutation arose by a chromosomal duplication event that 'rewired' gene expression by placing a new transcriptional promoter upstream of a previously silent citrate transporter gene to give the Cit+ phenotype (that is, the ability to use citrate as a nutrient source).” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL OLYMPICS. “This innovation was difficult because it was contingent on one or more earlier 'potentiating' mutations that had to be present in the genetic background for the key 'actualizing' mutation to establish in the population.” https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg3564 View in LinkedIn

Seeing inside living cells with the external context, a huge jump forward in microscopy. https://youtu.be/FHJo_eQPOG8 View in LinkedIn