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LARGE OCCUPANCY. "Due to this degeneracy, estimates of the proportion of the human genome occupied by TEs has varied widely, between one-half and two-thirds. Larger genomes, such as those of salamanders and lungfishes, almost certainly contain an even more enormous quantity of transposable element DNA." (TE = transposable elements). http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

"PSEUDOGENES are functionless relatives of genes that have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein. Pseudogenes often result from the accumulation of multiple mutations within a gene whose product is not required for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional, similar to other kinds of noncoding DNA which can have a regulatory role." https://lnkd.in/euq3niU View in LinkedIn

TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS. "However, the vast majority of these elements are inactive in humans, due to a very large fraction being highly degraded by mutation." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

UNRESTRAINED INTRON EVOLUTION. "It is also clear that the vast majority of intronic sequence evolves in an unconstrained way, accumulating mutations at about the same rate as neutral regions." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

FECUND VIRAL FRAGMENTS. "Because of their capacity to increase in copy number, transposable elements have long been described as “parasitic” or “selfish”." https://lnkd.in/eT5V5Xc View in LinkedIn

ROLES IN TIME AND SPACE. "Greater than 95% of human multi-exon genes express multiple splice isoforms. Furthermore, there is evidence for alternatively splicing events that are often differentially regulated across tissues and during development, as well as among individuals and populations, suggesting that individual isoforms may serve specific spatial or temporal roles." http://bitesizebio.com/10148/what-is-alternative-splicing-and-why-is-it-important/ View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT VIRAL BITS AND PIECES. "By far the dominant type of nongenic DNA are transposable elements (TEs), including various well-described retroelements such as Short and Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs and LINEs), endogenous retroviruses, and cut-and-paste DNA transposons." http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

MAJORITY OF GENES ALTERNATIVELY SPLICE. "At least 75% of roughly 30,000 human genes undergo alternative splicing to encode two or more splice isoforms, with striking variation across tissue types and developmental stages." http://bitesizebio.com/10148/what-is-alternative-splicing-and-why-is-it-important/ View in LinkedIn

INTRONS AMPLIFY DIVERSITY. "Introns can increase the diversity of protein products by modulating alternative splicing." Not one gene one protein. http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351 View in LinkedIn

ALTERNATIVE SPLICING "is a process by which exons or portions of exons or noncoding regions within a pre-mRNA transcript are differentially joined or skipped, resulting in multiple protein isoforms being encoded by a single gene. This mechanism increases the informational diversity and functional capacity of a gene during post-transcriptional processing and provides an opportunity for gene regulation." http://bitesizebio.com/10148/what-is-alternative-splicing-and-why-is-it-important/ View in LinkedIn