21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-23 04:23:40

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TURBULENCE. “In inhomogeneous mixing, one imagines the dry air saturating through the rapid evaporation of droplets on the edge of an air parcel, before the dry air that is being mixed throughout the parcel has time to mix throughout the parcel. In the homogeneous mixing limit unsaturated air can be mixed throughout the parcel before the droplets have time to adjust.” http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/fileadmin/staff/stevensbjorn/teaching/skript-5.pdf View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-23 04:25:53

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COSMIC WEATHER. “For decades, scientists have argued over whether there is a link between cosmic rays and cloud cover, which in turn could affect climate. Now two atmospheric physicists in the UK have discovered that global atmospheric electricity – which itself is altered by cosmic rays, space weather and El Niño – affects the base height of certain types of clouds.” https://lnkd.in/dVCdgFH View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments
linkedin post 2020-11-23 04:27:35

linkedin post 2020-11-23 04:27:35

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GLOBAL BATTERY. “Electric currents flow continuously throughout much of the atmosphere because of the global atmospheric electric circuit, and these currents sometimes pass through clouds.” http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2013/mar/06/atmospheric-electricity-affects-cloud-height View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments
linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:06:16

linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:06:16

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THUNDER. "Because the electrostatic discharge of terrestrial lightning superheats the air to plasma temperatures along the length of the discharge channel in a short duration, kinetic theory dictates gaseous molecules undergo a rapid increase in pressure and thus expand outward from the lightning creating a shock wave audible as thunder." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:08:37

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LIGHTNING ENERGY. "The production of X-rays by a bolt of lightning was theoretically predicted as early as 1925 but no evidence was found until 2001/2000. The cause of the X-ray emissions is still a matter for research, as the temperature of lightning is too low to account for the X-rays observed.” https://lnkd.in/dYPiEzS View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:10:08

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HIGH-ENERGY RADIATION. “A number of observations by space-based telescopes have revealed even higher energy gamma ray emissions, the so-called terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs). These observations pose a challenge to current theories of lightning, especially with the recent discovery of the clear signatures of antimatter produced in lightning.” https://lnkd.in/dYPiEzS View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments

linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:11:57

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MAKING THE CHARGE ANVIL. “Clouds can contain millions upon millions of water droplets and ice suspended in the air. As the process of evaporation and condensation continues, these droplets collide other moisture that is in the process of condensing as it rises. The importance of these collisions is that electrons are knocked off of the rising moisture, thus creating a charge separation.” https://lnkd.in/d-F83QF View in LinkedIn
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21Sep 2022 by Nigel Fleming No Comments
linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:13:58

linkedin post 2020-11-24 05:13:58

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COLLISIONS AND ICE. “The newly knocked-off electrons gather at the lower portion of the cloud, giving it a negative charge. The rising moisture that has just lost an electron carries a positive charge to the top of the cloud. Beyond the collisions, freezing plays an important role. As the rising moisture encounters colder temperatures in the upper cloud regions and begins to freeze, the frozen portion becomes negatively charged and the unfrozen droplets become positively charged.” http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/lightning1.htm View in LinkedIn
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