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SUPERSTRUCTURE. "An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective." https://lnkd.in/dN5A7Kw https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence#CITEREFAnderson1972 View in LinkedIn

BOVINE RETHINK. "The entity we call a cow is an organism whose complex ecosystem of gut symbionts—a diverse community of cellulose-digesting bacteria, ciliated protists, and anaerobic fungi—informs its specialized anatomy, defines its plant-digesting physiology, regulates its behaviors, and ultimately determines its evolution." View in LinkedIn

"NATURAL DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS are adaptive, scalable and fault-tolerant. Emergence science describes how higher-level self-regulatory behaviour arises in natural systems from many participants following simple rule-sets. Emergence advocates simple communication models, autonomy and independence, enhancing robustness and self-stabilization." https://lnkd.in/dfVXcaw View in LinkedIn

CORAL SYMBIONTS. "The algal symbiont, Symbiodinium, provides up to 60% of the nutrients needed by its host coral (the term “host” is used here in the classical sense to denote the larger, eukaryotic, multicellular organism in which the “symbiont” resides). When this symbiosis is broken by a prolonged increase in sea-surface temperatures, corals “bleach.” They lose their algal symbionts and die." View in LinkedIn

EXPONENTIAL RULE. "One reason why emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between components of a system increases exponentially with the number of components, thus potentially allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge." https://lnkd.in/dN5A7Kw View in LinkedIn

ANATOMIC MOSAICISM. "Anatomically, the individual animal is regarded as a structured whole. Yet, data from PCR show that the cells and bodies of animals are shared with numerous “species” of bacteria and other microbes. In some sponges, nearly 40% of the volume of the organism is comprised of bacteria, which contribute significantly to host metabolism." View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE, SYNERGY AND EVOLUTION. "In evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key." https://lnkd.in/dAmwzUd View in LinkedIn

CONSEQUENCES. "What would biological science be if symbiosis were seen as the rule, not the exception? What scientific questions would become paramount and how might this change our view of life if intimate cooperation between species were a fundamental feature of evolution? What could “individual selection” mean if all organisms were chimeric, and there were no real monogenetic individuals?" View in LinkedIn

LIVING COMPOSITES. "We report here that the zoological sciences are also finding that animals are composites of many species living, developing, and evolving together. The discovery of symbiosis throughout the animal kingdom is fundamentally transforming the classical conception of an insular individuality into one in which interactive relationships among species blurs the boundaries of the organism and obscures the notion of essential identity." View in LinkedIn

BOTANISTS VERSUS ZOOLOGISTS. "In botanical science, the concept of the autonomous individual has also been challenged by discoveries concerning rhizobia, mycorrhizae, and endocytic fungae. Nonetheless, zoologists long subscribed to a more individualist conception of the organism, since the role of microbial symbionts had been more difficult to document in animal evolution." View in LinkedIn