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BACKUP COPIES. "The selective advantage of diploidy lies in the presence of at least two copies of each gene, allowing complementation of recessive lethal mutations and the potential generation of novel alleles/genes in the second copy." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

ORIGINS OF SEX. "Any heterotypic recognition/adhesion pairs (hereafter H1/H2) in a protoeukaryote would be candidates for the next posited stage in the origins of sex, namely, the exclusive expression of H1 in gametes that we will generically call plus mating type and exclusive expression of H2 in gametes that we will call minus mating type.' http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

SELF RECOGNITION MOLECULES. "The original self-recognition molecules in protoeukaryotic gametes might have engaged in homotypic interactions, like present-day cadherins that adhere to one another. Alternatively, the interactions might have been heterotypic, like present-day integrins that adhere to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

VAST PERIANTH DIVERSITY. "Within the angiosperms, other morphological features could be explained by homeosis, primarily in the sterile floral organs, collectively termed the perianth. These organs show enormous diversity in their morphology." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn

BREAKING THE SPECIES BARRIER. "That said, there are examples in which hybrids that have formed from cross-species cell–cell fusions have ultimately given rise to new species, such as the posited origin of S. cerevisiae from an ancestral whole genome duplication event following fusion of two related, but different, yeast species." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

COMPARATIVE PLOTS. "Morphospaces allow for studying the unfolding of clade disparity during ontogeny or over geologic timescales (vertical sampling strategies) through comparison of flowers from different developmental stages (constructing developmental morphospaces." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.12969/full View in LinkedIn

MORPHOLOGY IN SPACE AND TIME. "The proportion of the morphospace occupied by extant species, the distribution of species and clades in the morphospace, and their variation through evolutionary time can be used to investigate various aspects of organismal evolution and diversity." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.12969/full View in LinkedIn

MORPHOSPACES: "mathematical spaces describing and relating the phenotypes of organisms. Because organisms differ in a large number of properties, these mathematical spaces typically are multidimensional." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.12969/full View in LinkedIn

EXTINCT TRAITS. "Despite the vast diversity of plants that has arisen through these processes, not all of the possible phenotypic configurations are represented among extant plants. Some traits and trait combinations are vastly represented, while the majority of theoretically possible phenotypes were never accomplished in the course of evolution." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.12969/full View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTIONARY DRIVERS. "Three main processes affect the evolution of species: variation, channeled by constraints (e.g. historical, developmental or mechanical); differential survival, channeled by selection (e.g. as exerted by biotic and abiotic conditions); and chance (evolutionary drift)." https://lnkd.in/dcAxcUy View in LinkedIn