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EXONIC SPLICE ENHANCERS. "Here we test a further potential case of avoidance selection. We hypothesized that there could be avoidance of exonic splice enhancers in genes that do not contain introns. Exonic splice enhancers are short nucleotide motifs that are exceedingly common in vertebrate exons, especially near the splice sites." https://lnkd.in/drMDPh6 View in LinkedIn

NOT NEUTRAL. "Recent studies have uncovered a myriad of different types of functional information encoded into the coding sequence of genes beyond the protein recipe, including controls for translational efficiency and accuracy, splicing enhancers, micro-RNA binding, nucleosome positioning, and more." https://lnkd.in/dU2Q65U View in LinkedIn

AVOIDANCE SELECTION. "However, there is evidence that selection can also act to avoid a particular sequence motif if its presence in a given context is deleterious. This phenomenon, that we term “avoidance selection,” constitutes another facet of purifying selection and has been documented in a wide variety of biological systems." https://lnkd.in/drMDPh6 View in LinkedIn

CONTRADICTORY DATA. "Experimental evidence from a wide range of species substantiates an important functional role for synonymous sites." https://lnkd.in/dU2Q65U View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR SELECTION. "Purifying selection, the purging of deleterious variants from the population, is the most common mode of operation of selection. At the molecular level, purifying selection is commonly seen in the maintenance of sequence motifs whose degradation decreases the fitness of the organism." https://lnkd.in/drMDPh6 View in LinkedIn

A COLONIAL SLIME MOLD composed of voluntary individuals. https://lnkd.in/gzgbvqF View in LinkedIn

ANT SWARM INTELLIGENCE. “Ant colonies solve mazes using swarm intelligence. Swarm intelligence allows groups of organisms to solve problems that exceed the cognitive capabilities of individuals. Consider the case of an ant colony solving a maze. Many ants begin to walk the maze at random, depositing a trail of volatile pheromones behind them. The ant traffic which happens to flow along the shortest path of the maze can make more return trips (and hence lay more pheromone).” https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/40/6/798/2400841 View in LinkedIn

SWARM INTELLIGENCE. “The study of collective behaviour aims to understand how individual-level behaviours can lead to complex group-level patterns. Collective behaviour has primarily been studied in animal groups such as colonies of insects, flocks of birds and schools of fish.” https://lnkd.in/gXKQQtM View in LinkedIn

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR. “Collective behaviour is apparent at all levels of biological organisation; bacteria act together to form rafts, plague-locusts march cohesively in bands, tiny termites build immense, sophisticated structures, swarms of honeybees ‘vote’ democratically for the location of their new home, and flocks of starlings collectively sense the direction of a predator's attack by compression waves propagating through the group.” https://lnkd.in/gxSdyJh View in LinkedIn

TWO KINGDOM MYOPIA: PLANTS VS ANIMALS. The new five kingdom system of classification overcomes some previous problems. https://lnkd.in/gYETt8v View in LinkedIn