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EMERGENT PROPERTIES. "Self-organizing systems exhibit emerging properties. They show more complex properties of the single contribution of each individual. These properties arise from a combination of non-linear interactions between the members of the colony." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

BIOMIMICRY. "The clever bit about the swarm is that, like schools of fish or flocks of birds, none of the robots know of or "care" about the other robots beyond their immediate neighbors. Instead, they react to what their immediate neighbors do as they determine the best way to fulfill their mission objectives such as area monitoring, navigation to waypoint, aggregation, and dispersion. In a sense, they learn to cooperate with one another." https://lnkd.in/e4TWbpg View in LinkedIn

PLANT EVIDENCE. "System-level phylogenetic examination of specialized metabolic enzymes and pathways across major phyla of the plant kingdom reveals several general patterns, all consistent with the stepwise evolutionary processes underlying the emergence and evolution of the metabolic traits observed in extant plants." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn

STEPWISE EVOLUTION. "Extant metabolic pathways in general contain a set of enzymes catalyzing sequential reactions in a highly concerted manner. Given that the end metabolites of metabolic pathways ultimately confer selective advantages to the host, it is indeed difficult to understand how individual incipient enzymes arrive at specific activities over defined periods of time through stepwise evolution – Descent with Modification – before assembly of a more complex and integrated pathway." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn

MODEL #4 NARRATIVE. "One measure of complexity is the information content of a system, and Schneider’s “ev” program has demonstrated that new information can indeed emerge spontaneously. The “ev” program was constructed to simulate evolution by mutational and selection events." https://lnkd.in/dJG4bYH View in LinkedIn

MODEL #4 NARRATIVE. "One measure of complexity is the information content of a system, and Schneider’s “ev” program has demonstrated that new information can indeed emerge spontaneously. The “ev” program was constructed to simulate evolution by mutational and selection events." https://lnkd.in/dJG4bYH View in LinkedIn

MODEL #4. "Some complexity theorists believe that laws of self-organization exist that play a role in the evolution of biological complexity. The interaction of various component parts, it is argued, leads inevitably to complex patterns of organization." https://lnkd.in/dJG4bYH View in LinkedIn

MODEL #3 NARRATIVE. "Multiple genes linked by a gene regulatory system can be co-opted as a unit for a new function; their examples include the evolution of butterfly eyespots, vertebrate limbs, complex leaves in plants, and feathers." https://lnkd.in/dJG4bYH View in LinkedIn

MODEL #3 NARRATIVE. "Multiple genes linked by a gene regulatory system can be co-opted as a unit for a new function; their examples include the evolution of butterfly eyespots, vertebrate limbs, complex leaves in plants, and feathers." https://lnkd.in/dJG4bYH View in LinkedIn

MODEL #3 NARRATIVE. "The Krebs cycle posed a real difficulty to evolutionary biologists because intermediate stages in its evolution would have no functionality. An analysis of the component enzymes and cofactors, however, revealed that the component parts and intermediate stages had functions apart from their role in the Krebs cycle." (Bolt-on evolution). https://lnkd.in/dJG4bYH View in LinkedIn