Category: Uncategorized

SUN PARTICLES. “Energetic particles reach the Earth within only a few, maybe up to ∼20 min after their release from the solar surface or interplanetary shock front giving only a very short lead time after a warning can be given.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

RANGE OF INTERVALS. “The solar and magnetospheric processes pose several timescales ranging from solar cycle and longer (long-term solar activity variations) to 27 days (recurrent solar activity), days (magnetic storms), hours (magnetospheric substorms) and even minutes and seconds (particle acceleration events, plasma instability growth times).” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

“THE TIME SCALES interesting to studies of space weather processes are determined both by the intrinsic time scales of the processes themselves, but also on the lead time that predictions can be given.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

DESTRUCTIVE FORCES. “The adverse conditions in the space environment can cause disruption of satellite operations, communications, navigation, and electric power distribution grids on ground, leading to a variety of societal and economic losses.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

SPACE WEATHER. “The term “space weather” now refers to conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere (upper parts of the atmosphere) that can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems and can endanger human life or health.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

GEOEFFECTIVE. “The Sun affects the Earth and its environs in a variety of ways and on many different timescales. Events on the Sun leading to large perturbations in the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system are called geoeffective. From space weather point of view the key question is how to distinguish those solar events that are geoeffective from those that are not.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

GAINING LEAD TIME. “Today’s challenge for space weather research is to (i) learn to quantitatively predict the state of the magnetosphere and ionosphere from measured solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions, (ii) to extend the physical understanding also to solar processes such that predictions can be made using solar observations to gain more lead time.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn

PREDICTABILITY. “As our capability of predicting solar wind properties from solar observations alone is poor, we are at the moment limited to at best warnings 80 hours in advance and predictions at maximum 1 hour before the event starts.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.12942/lrsp-2007-1 View in LinkedIn