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CONCEPTS. “Abstract thinking and language cannot be separated. Only humans are capable of verbal language, abstract thought, mathematics and conceptualization.” (Again, some would take issue with this). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

BOOKKEEPING ORIGINS. “Writing was invented by accountants and not by writers, but writers harnessed the accountant’s idea of creating written symbols for spoken words. And mathematicians harnessed the accountant’s idea of notating abstract numbers to develop a notation for mathematics that led to more sophisticated mathematical thinking.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

INFINITE SCOPE. “Our ability to use verbal language is what differentiates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. Other animals are capable of communicating with each other but the range of what they can express is limited to a small number (less than 50) of signals. Human verbal language, on the other hand, is generative so there are an infinite number of possible messages or meaning that we are capable of composing and communicating.” (Not quite true, the nematode vocabulary is hundreds). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

CLAY TABLET WRITING. “The impressed token shape signs for the large and small measure of wheat came to represent the numerals 10 and 1 respectively. The second class of signs, etched signs representing the commodities and hence represented words. The Sumerians quickly realized that they could represent spoken words other than agricultural commodities with etched signs and so writing emerged to represent spoken language and also abstract numbers.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

THE ABSTRACT BECOMES POSSIBLE. “Without verbal language our mental life would be reduced to feelings, emotions, and the processing of our perceptions as is the case with all other forms of life. Verbal language makes conceptualization, abstraction and reflection possible.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

NUMBER EVOLUTION. “The next step in the evolution of numerical notation were three-dimensional clay accounting tokens that archeologist Denise Schmandt-Besserat discovered in the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that were used from 8000 BCE to about 3000 BCE.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

POWER OF LANGUAGE. “Language is not the passive container or medium of human thought whose only function is to transmit and communicate our ideas and sentiments from one person to another. Language is a “living vortices of power”, which shapes and transforms our thinking. Language is both a system of communications and an informatics tool.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

ROOTS IN NUMBERS. “Not only did mathematical thinking lead to verbal language but it also gave rise to written language through the development of mathematical notation. The very first notation for recording quantities were tally sticks. The tally stick, however, gave no indication of what was being tallied but they were the first forms of notated concrete numbers.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

EMERGENT SYSTEMS. “It is not possible to determine the causal linkage between the primitive form of set theory and verbal language. It is not that set theory caused verbal language to emerge or that language allowed set theory to emerge. Rather we would claim, invoking complexity theory and emergent dynamics, that mathematical set theory and verbal language self-organized into an emergent supervenient system.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59177-9_13 View in LinkedIn

SPACE IS BUBBLING WITH ENERGY. “Despite rejection by the scientific community, harnessing zero-point energy remains an interest of research by non-scientific entities, particularly in the US where it has attracted the attention of major aerospace/defence contractors and the U.S. Department of Defense as well as in China, Germany, Russia and Brazil.” (Teslas’s dream of free energy from the ether). https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy View in LinkedIn