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NEW THINKING IN BIOLOGY. “The rotation of the clock produces a spinor field in time series data as a signal for cell transduction. It is the information inside codon which generates the public and private keys in quantum cryptography along the geneonic state. The signal of protein expression is expressed as immune receptors and signal transduction with the public and private keys. The protein state belongs to a superspace P. The gene expression in the eukaryotic cell with mRNA will have approximately eight exon states with βi cocycle geneonic states.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

BIOLOGICAL CLOCK. “The interaction between the D-brane of a telomere in the non-protein-coding DNA and the anti-D-brane of the telomerase enzyme with embedded noncoding RNA is the source of the biological clock and cell aging in a living organism. This process of the biological clock generator is the rotation of a homogeneous coordinate in the gene expression.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

RADICAL RESET. “We can unify them as a loop braid group in genetic code as the smallest subunit in the translating of the DNA sequence into a folded protein. The flying ring is just an 8-spinor field in the homogeneous coordinate of supermanifold in the genetic code.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

NEW PERSPECTIVE. “We use loop braid group to define the flying ring in the (3 + 3) extra dimensions of triplet state of transition between the DNA, RNA, and protein. These three molecules are interconnected by combining them into a four-dimensional coordinate system.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

DISEASE ROLE. “Additionally, the noncoding genome can generate or form three-dimensional structures in such a way as to generate protein molecular systems associated with disease (cancer). Our purpose is to build suitable new methodology for detection of such secondary and tertiary DNA structures in noncoding regions.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

POSSIBLE FUNCTIONALITY. “Recently, experiments confirmed that this DNA area is very important to the development of the brain in humans, and reproductive systems. It is possible that this area has an important part in controlling protein formation and acts like a big center for issuing instructions and verifying cryptography in the process of decoding genes.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

NONCODING DNA. “It is the empirical fact that only 2% of human genetic material is expressed, but another 98% does not change into any proteins. This material is called the non-protein-coding DNA area, or in analogy with physics, the dark matter of the genetic code.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn

SEWING IT TOGETHER. “We can apply the anyon states of the pair between DNA and RNA as braid groups in anyon–geneonic pair states in the genetic code. The codon can be related to a table of public keys which can release noncoding RNA as the private key for correctly translating a DNA sequence into a folded protein for the specific docking site in the antigen–antibody immune system.” https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1214/htm View in LinkedIn