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THE IMPORTANCE OF DUST. “This geometrical uncertainty will inevitably result in uncertainty about the mass of dust. Hence, dust masses quoted in papers must be treated with caution, and may be best used as a comparative measure to distinguish galaxies.” https://lnkd.in/dAkZ_ejH View in LinkedIn

BIG IMPACT. “Thus, a simple and relatively recent change of two amino acids in a protein is enough to result in major behavioral and cognitive changes in the human lineage.” https://lnkd.in/dTkGwcGB View in LinkedIn

Eggs in an open market. In Europe, chickens are raised in such a manner that refigeration is not required and eating raw eggs is not dangerous. They also have abundant uncured cheeses. View in LinkedIn

DATING OF DIVERGENCE. “Of numerous minor changes at the level of individual base-pairs, only two changes lead to changes at the protein (amino acid) level. Statistical analysis of the pattern of changes gave a (relatively imprecise) estimate of when these changes occurred in human phylogeny, somewhere between 200,000 years ago and the present.” https://lnkd.in/dTkGwcGB View in LinkedIn

THE INNER WORLD. “The sea, the mountains, the infinite expanse of stars, the fiery depths, the darkness of the abyss—the world recorded on the pages of C.G. Jung’s Red Book is not the physical domain of the outer world, the world of common day. It is the realm where dreams and fantasy visions arise. It is the wellspring of imagination.” (1913) https://lnkd.in/dE-WPfU4 View in LinkedIn

A BINGO MOMENT. “The human version of the gene is functionally identical in all normal populations worldwide, but differs significantly from our nearest animal relatives, the chimpanzees.” https://lnkd.in/dTkGwcGB View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this second and last section on the evolution of language. Language enables conscious thought and the development of abstract concepts which have advanced the human mind enormously. As such, a sophisticated language capacity has been critical for our evolution. But since communication is a fundamental aspect of every living thing, I look forward to when we can speak worm and learn about their concepts. https://lnkd.in/dTkGwcGB View in LinkedIn

AUTHOR. “William Tecumseh Sherman Fitch III got a macaque monkey named Emiliano to utter various sounds while subject to X-ray video recording. In a simulation, "Emiliano" said "Will you marry me?" in a recognizable manner, revealing that the anatomy of monkeys does not limit them from producing complex speech.” https://lnkd.in/dxk6d7Er View in LinkedIn

INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES. “In summary, the combination of a well-established interdisciplinary field of speech science and a rich comparative database has provided a firm foundation for work on the evolution of speech, and new neural and molecular data have made this one of the most solid and exciting domains of research on the evolution of language.” https://lnkd.in/dTkGwcGB View in LinkedIn

DUSTY GALAXY UPPER RANGE. “Temperatures of up to 110 K are found for some extremely luminous high-redshift galaxies.” https://lnkd.in/dAkZ_ejH View in LinkedIn